What drives the gender gap in charitable giving? Lower empathy leads men to give less to poverty relief

We draw upon past research on gender and prosocial emotions in hypothesizing that empathy can help explain the gender gap in charitable giving. In a nationally representative survey, we found that men reported less willingness to give money or volunteer time to a poverty relief organization, gaps that were mediated by men’s lower reported feelings of empathy toward others. We also experimentally tested how effective a variety of different ways of framing poverty relief were for promoting giving. Framing poverty as an issue that negatively affects all Americans increased men’s willingness to donate to the cause, eliminating the gender gap. Mediation analysis revealed that this “aligned self-interest” framing worked by increasing men’s reported poverty concern, not by changing their understanding of the causes of poverty. Thus, while men were generally less motivated by empathy, they responded to a framing that recast charitable giving as consistent with their self-interest. Exposure to the same framing, however, led women to report lower willingness to volunteer time for poverty relief, suggesting that framing giving as consistent with self-interest may discourage those who give because of an empathic response to poverty.     

Statistical Communiqué on Human Resources and Social Security Development in 2013

正In 2013,under the strong leadership of the Central Committee of the Party and the State Council and with the focus on major objectives of the Party and the state,China adhered to the main work line of orienting by people’s livelihood and giving priority to talents;laid equal emphasis on both normal operation and internal construction;comprehensively promoted scientific development,reform and innovation of human resources and social security undertakings and     

Strategic philanthropy and its challenges in India: A multiple case study of grantmaking organizations

Grantmaking organizations in the United States play an increasingly important role in philanthropic giving toward international development issues. Champions of strategic philanthropy have encouraged grantmakers to set clear goals, use evidence‐based strategies, and monitor programs. This exploratory study delves into grantmaking in one of the largest emerging economies; India. Although India is a major recipient of private philanthropy, it continues to perform below average on various socio‐economic indicators. The impact of grantmaking has been unclear. We conducted in‐depth interviews with managers and leaders (n = 9) engaged in decision‐making within U.S. based grantmaking organizations, including nonprofit intermediaries and philanthropic foundations. We examine how the concept of strategic philanthropy is operationalized by participant organizations. Although the participants acknowledge the importance of starting out with a well‐defined strategy, they also face several challenges. We identify some of these challenges, outline how they are being addressed, and discuss implications.     

追寻斯霞的教育爱——兼对师爱工具化作反思

斯霞以"童心母爱"而著称于教育界。斯霞的爱首先意味着尊重。斯霞站在儿童的立场上看待儿童的问题以及对于问题的解答,站在儿童的立场上看待儿童的错误。斯霞的爱内蕴着平等。斯霞能够正确看待自己的地位,从不以"真理代言人"和"道德典范"自居。斯霞平等地关怀每一个儿童。斯霞的爱也包涵着宽容。她能够准确认知与判断教育情境,判断问题本身是原则性的还是非原则性的,判断过错是偶然性的还是经常性的。斯霞的爱实现着关怀。斯霞的教师爱是一种本体性的爱。在斯霞身上,爱就是爱,爱不是别的,爱本身就是目的。斯霞的爱是给予性的爱,除了爱的内在利益,斯霞从不希求从这种爱中获取什么。斯霞的爱也是坚定性的爱。     

论唐代内地与边疆的"互市"和"朝贡"贸易

唐王朝与边疆各民族之间除了以"互市"为主的贸易往来外,在唐王朝开疆拓土的一系列过程中,或通过武力威慑,或通过政治联姻,或通过遣使册封、赏赐,与边疆民族之间所达成的在政治上表示友好和隶属关系的"贡赐"贸易,也是一种不可忽视的经济贸易形式。     

Measuring Social Cohesion: An Experiment using the Canadian National Survey of Giving,Volunteering, and Participating

Social cohesion is a concept difficult to define and to measure. As there can be many definitions, so there can be many measurements. The main problem, either in defining or measuring the concept, is its multilevel and multidimensional nature. At one extreme, country is the most commonly used level to view social cohesion but measurement at this level is of little use for any interventions. At the other extreme, community is the most useful level but it is a social construct for which data are difficult to get, given the administrative boundaries used in social surveys. As an initial attempt to measure social cohesion at a subcountry level, this study focuses on census metropolitan areas for which data on several dimensions of social cohesion are available. We use the information gathered by the National Survey on Giving, Volunteering and Participating (NSGVP) on three dimensions of social cohesion: political (voting and volunteering), economic (occupation, income, labour force participation) and social (social interactions, informal volunteering). Using statistical techniques including factor analysis and standardization, we create an overall index of social cohesion for each CMA. We point out use of this measure for further analysis of social dynamics.     

行政行为说明理由制度若干问题研究

文章就需要说明理由行政行为的范围,行政行为说明理由具有的控制行政权力、提高行政效率和有利民众监督的价值,行政说明理由的时间、方式、内容和质量要求等有关规则作了阐述,并在行政说明理由的范围和价值方面提出了自己的一些看法.     

张国焘放弃另立中央原由探析

张国焘于1935年9月违背中央北上的战略方针,擅自率红四方面军南下,并于10月5日在绰木碉成立第二中央,自封为主席。但后来放弃另立中央的主张。文章认为导致其放弃另立中央的根本原因是军事上的失败、政治上的孤立。另外,党中央对张国焘采取的正确策略、张浩的调解和川康地区不利的环境也是其放弃另立中央的一个重要原因。     

多视角下高校学术讲座建设的路径探析

学术讲座作为高校文化建设的一部分,发挥着第二课堂的重要作用。但受多方面影响,讲座水平参差不齐,效果不佳。阐述了开设高校学术讲座的作用,并针对学术讲座建设中存在的问题,从不同视角提出了具体可行的解决方法,以实现高校文化传承的战略意义。     

禁毒工作的经济分析

基于成本与收益的理性行为模式,一国的禁毒工作必须以尽可能少的禁毒成本产生出尽可能多的禁毒效益,对于经济相对落后的西部地区,关注成本与收益的经济分析尤为必要。对禁毒工作进行经济分析,有必要分成两类,一是禁毒工作中断绝毒品供给经济分析,一是禁毒工作中消除毒品需求的经济分析。本文从断绝毒品供给和消除毒品需求的经济角度出发,有助于探索西部地区禁毒工作的制度建设。