森林认证的三大基础活动

该文首次提出制定森林可持续经营的标准和指标、绿色消费运动、标准化及其认证是森林认证的三大基础活动。指出森林可持续经营标准和指标的实施及认证产品市场的形成是森林认证的内部动力和外在驱动 ,国际标准化及认证行动为森林认证的开展提供了丰富的经验。     

我国通货紧缩形成的原因与治理对策分析

通货紧缩是我国经济发展需要高度重视的趋势。近年来,由于供求失衡,企业制度、社会保障制度不完善,金融体制不健全,以及世界经济形势和加入WTO的影响,我国经济在高增长的同时,面临通货紧缩的困境。必须深化体制改革,正确处理积累和消费的比例关系,完善社会保障制度,提高边际消费倾向;调整积极的财政政策,扩大投资需求和消费需求。     

略论宋代市民消费

宋代城市突破性发展,形成了市民阶层,政治上的相对独立源于商品经济的发展。在商品经济的刺激下,市民消费已成宋代社会经济生活中一大亮点,无论是物质消费还是精神消费,都出现了市场化和大众化两大趋势,引导着宋代社会消费潮流。     

经济增长、消费需求与收入分配

本文认为,保持旺盛的消费需求是经济长期稳定增长的根本保证,而居民收入差距过大,严重制约了消费需求的增长,从而成为经济增速减缓的一个重要原因。因此,缩小居民收入差距,刺漱消费需求,是国民经济长期稳定增长的必然要求。     

试析国民收入的隐形分配——灰色消费理论假说

国民收入的隐形分配通过灰色消费的形式实现。当公共资源被个人垄断、存在通过交换公共资源而获得私利的可能性和现实性时,灰色消费的出现就不可避免。中国人的生活水平仅用年收入或恩格尔系数来衡量是片面的、虚假的,还必须用灰色消费系数来反映。灰色消费起到了一种国民收入再分配的作用,从消费而不是收入方面拉大了贫富差距,并集聚了社会动荡的风险。     

Risk Perceptions and Alcohol Consumption among Young People

Swedish cross-sectional survey data on young individuals was used to analyse the determinants of perceived risks of alcohol use and how these perceptions relate to drinking behaviour. Three major conclusions were drawn: (1) that people overestimate the risks of alcoholism, (2) that these risk perceptions fall substantially with age, but nevertheless imply risk overestimation, and (3) that education about alcohol, narcotics and tobacco leads individuals to perceive risks more correctly and to have lower risk beliefs. An additional finding was that individuals with higher perceived risks were less likely to consume alcohol. Equations were estimated both separately and simultaneously.     

吉林省农村消费品市场发展的制约因素及对策

吉林省是农业大省,是我国重要的商品粮基地。本文从吉林省农村消费品市场的现状出发,分析了农村消费品市场的主要制约因素,如农民收入增长缓慢、农村市场体系的不健全、落后的消费观念等。指出发展吉林省农村消费品市场,必须增加农民收入,完善农村市场体系,调整企业产品结构,更新农民的消费观念等。     

经典美学的危机与大众美学的崛起

在消费主义的意识形态笼罩下,日常生活的意义被放大为文化的中心并被神圣化,而昔日的现代性的神圣价值则被日常化;技术和市场在文化领域的强力介入使当今时代出现了一种明显的文化泛化与审美泛化的趋势。从经典艺术美的陶冶到关注身体感觉和生理欲念的快感美学,从经典艺术的“人”之代言到当代文化的大众体验,从经典艺术的文字想像到大众文化的图像复现,从经典艺术的观念幻象到大众文化的身体喜剧,经典美学迅速进入了自身的当代转型和现实重构,其文化立场和理论视域理应做出全面调整。     

The energy and mass balance of Los Angeles County

We conducted an urban “metabolic” study of inputs and outputs of food, water, energy, and pollutants from Los Angeles County, USA. This region has been the subject of recent debate about the nature of population density and distribution as it relates to urban form and associated environmental impacts. We found that with the exception of food imports and wastewater outputs, inputs of resources and outputs of pollutants generally declined on a per capita basis from 1990 to 2000. Reductions likely reflected a combination of changes in public policy, improvements in technology and public infrastructure, and impacts of increases in population density. However, in comparison to other municipalities and urban regions, resource consumption per capita was still relatively high in some categories, particularly inputs of water and transportation energy. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions were lower in Los Angeles County than for the average of the USA as a whole but higher than previous analyses of urban areas internationally, largely due to comparatively high emissions from the transportation sector. Wastewater discharge accounted for less than 40% of water inputs excluding precipitation; however the partitioning of water outputs through other potential losses, specifically evapotranspiration, runoff, and groundwater recharge, remains highly uncertain. We suggest that more detailed information about water losses will greatly improve future mass and energy accounting for analyses of urban environmental sustainability in this semi-arid region.     

论可持续消费观

生态危机与过度消费有关。为寻求人类的共同繁荣和未来的持续发展,必须树立新的消费伦理观,这就是以适度消费为基本原则、以造就高度责任感的消费主体为关键、以确立系统而可行的消费道德为切入点的“可持续消费观”。