The “Absence” of Asian Regional Economic Integration and the Development Orientation of the Belt and Road

Asia has a special significance in China’s neighborhood strategy. Geographically, the Belt and Road Initiative faces the countries of Asia or China’s neighbors in the first place. Asia is clearly marked by an imbalance in and “absence” of regional economic integration. This “absence” is two-fold: it is expressed on the one hand as a lack of unified institutional arrangements for regional economic integration, and on the other as the inability of underdeveloped countries in the region to truly participate in regional economic integration and thereby gain opportunities for development. Compared with the rule-oriented nature of existing regional economic integration mechanisms, the Belt and Road Initiative, as a new type of regional cooperation mechanism, displays an orientation towards development. All existing regional economic integration arrangements, regardless of their form, establish specific rules on access thresholds, the rights and duties of member countries, schedules and roadmaps, dispute resolution mechanisms and so forth. This is not the case for the Belt and Road, which is not predicated on specific rules, but establishes its overall framework by orienting itself towards development. Overall, the development orientation of the Belt and Road is helpful not only in overcoming the inherent defects of Asian regional economic integration, but in responding to the new challenge of anti-globalization. This is an institutional public good that China offers to Asia and to the world.     

Recent changes in FDA's good laboratory practice regulations

In the Federal Register of December 22, 1978, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published regulations which described Good Laboratory Practice for safety tests conducted on regulated products (Anonymous, 1978). The regulations, popularly known as GLPs, have become universally recognized as the basic criteria for the conduct of a valid safety test and for assuring the quality and integrity of the collected data. Along with the publication of the GLPs, FDA instituted a vigorous program of inspection of toxicology laboratories to determine the degree of adherence to the regulations. In 1984, based on inspectional findings which revealed that a large majority of toxicology laboratories were adhering to the GLPs, FDA published a proposal intended to reduce the burden of compliance with the regulations (Anonymous, 1984). The proposal outlined major changes in the provisions on quality assurance, protocol preparation, test and control article characterization, and retention of specimens and samples. The final order based on the proposal was published in the federal register of September 4, 1987 (Anonymous). The purpose of this communication is to describe the procedures used by FDA to develop the final order, to discuss certain major issues that arose during its development, and to answer several questions that have arisen subsequently.     

Social cohesion in Rwanda: Results from a public good experiment

We describe a public good experiment, a type of economic experiment commonly used to examine feelings of prosociality—that is, behaviour which is positive, helpful and intended to promote social acceptance and friendship—and community cohesion, carried out in Rwanda. Contributions in different parts of the country are affected by the local intensity of the 1994 genocide, with more generous contributions being made in areas where violence was greater. This supports earlier research indicating that conflict experience leads to greater prosociality. However, we also find that people who have not, themselves, been targets of violence give lower contributions than people who have. The considerable group‐related and regional differences in social behaviour may have implications for the country's policies to deal with social cohesion.     

Doing Good,Public Good,and Public Value

In this article, using multiple illustrative case examples, we demonstrate that philanthropic institutions are in the business of creating public value. In framing the work of philanthropy more broadly to include the process of public value creation, philanthropic institutions and leaders are challenged to be more strategic not only in their mission‐fulfillment grant‐making with nonprofit organizations but also in the way they stimulate and encourage collaboration, create the “third space” necessary to incubate ideas to transform society, and leverage resources to increase the return on their investments toward system‐wide change. The implications for philanthropic actors and institutions suggest that the strategic contributions they make toward creation of public value are those that go beyond transactional performance measures, such as number of dollars spent or clients receiving services, to include ways that their investments are amplified by meaningful partnerships with nonprofit and other organizations, changed behaviors of institutions and individuals, and transformative public policies.     

论明末清初发展对外贸易的历史机遇

明末清初,中国的商品经济有一定的发展,国内市场初步形成,人们对商业与贸易有了较深的认识,商人的社会地位明显提高,许多国家都有开展对华贸易的强烈愿望,中国的商品具有很强的竞争力,海商实力非常雄厚,历史给了中国发展对外贸易的难得机会。     

定向越野运动：高校素质教育的良好方法

定向越野运动是一项把识图、用图的能力和越野的奔跑能力相结合的一项国防体育活动。它是一项非常健康的、智慧的、智力与体力并重的运动，具有群众性、趣味性、知识性、竞争性和含有军事意义的新兴国防体育运动。一次定向越野活动的成功要求准备成熟、设计科学。在高校开展具有“军味”的定向越野运动，将国防教育融入到文化体育活动之中，使国防教育的形式生动活泼，可以充分调动大学生学习积极性，普及军事技能，促进大学生综合素质的提高。     

论遗失物善意取得制度——兼评我国物权法第一百零七条

我国物权法第一百零七条对遗失物善意取得制度的规定,文义上没有区分受让人主观善意;逻辑上存在概念不周延和矛盾的问题;制度功能上并没有真正平衡原权利人与善意受让人之间的利益冲突,对于交易安全保护的目的也没有彻底实现。结合国外立法的经验,我国立法应承认遗失物善意取得制度。     

新中国乡村治理研究回顾与评论

目的/意义 乡村治理现代化既是国家治理现代化的内在规定和重要内容,也是协调推进新型城镇化建设和乡村振兴的战略关键,还是应社会主要矛盾转变的理性选择。设计/方法 长期以来处于战略夹缝中的乡村治理存在效率与平等失衡、发展与稳定失序、生产要素流出与引进失谐、公共文化吐故纳新失语、村规民约激励约束失效的多重困境。并且随着社会转型,乡村治理中出现乡村居民生存原子化碎片化、乡村组织形态软弱化涣散化、乡村治理制度内卷化悬浮化、生态环境污染叠加化扩散化的异化偏向。结论/发现新中国成立70周年之际,在及时总结、反思乡村治理中自上而下的下乡政策和自下而上的实践探索模式的经验与教训的基础上,文章提出了自治、法治、德治及技治四治合一的最优型善治方案。     

On sequentially rejective subset selection procedures

A technique for selection procedures, called sequential rejection, is investigated. It is shown that this technique is posssible to apply to certain selection goals of the "all or nothing" type, i.e. "selecting a subset containing all good populations" or "selecting a subset containing no bad population". The analogy with existing sequential techniques in the general theory of simultaneous statistical inference is pointed out.