论影响政府效率的行政文化形态

行政文化作为公共行政的一个深层次因素,对行政效率具有特殊的影响。行政文化有积极与消极之分。目前,官僚主义已经成为一种消极意义的行政文化形态,它的经济学意义就是政府效率的丧失。建设积极的行政文化是当前政治体制改革的一项重要任务,具体从3个方面着手,即营造“具有压力感”的行政组织气候,培育“珍惜时间”的行政组织氛围,建立“讲究人际合作”的行政组织关系。     

政府会计的契约本质、有效边界及其对我国的启示

负责提供公共物品或服务的政府组织是一系列契约关系的集合体,但也存在着信息不对称和委托代理问题,这是政府会计存在的客观现实基础。政府会计的本质是一种不完全契约,具体职能为促进政府契约的订立、履行和解除。政府会计的有效边界取决于信息成本和代理成本的均衡结果。这对我国推进政府会计改革具有重要的启示意义。     

Managing stochastic demand in an Inventory Routing Problem with transportation procurement

We study an Inventory Routing Problem in which the supplier has a limited production capacity and the stochastic demand of the retailers is satisfied with procurement of transportation services. The aim is to minimize the total expected cost over a planning horizon, given by the sum of the inventory cost at the supplier, the inventory cost at the retailers, the penalty cost for stock-out at the retailers and the transportation cost. First, we show that a policy based just on the average demand can have a total expected cost infinitely worse than the one obtained by taking into account the overall probability distribution of the demand in the decision process. Therefore, we introduce a stochastic dynamic programming formulation of the problem that allows us to find an optimal policy in small size instances. Finally, we design and implement a matheuristic approach, integrating a rollout algorithm and an optimal solution of mixed-integer linear programming models, which is able to solve realistic size problem instances. Computational results allow us to provide managerial insights concerning the management of stochastic demand.     

Fostering innovation through innovation friendly procurement practices: a case study of Danish local government procurement

Innovation has been at the forefront of procurement policy in Denmark in recent years. The policy incentives emphasize public procurement of innovation as a way to accelerate the development and application of environmental and health technologies, but also as a way to achieve a competitive advantage, growth and job creation. This paper uses a single case study to illustrate the procurement of a chemical-free cleaning system by the local government in Denmark. It describes the public procurement of innovation project in the response to an unsolicited bid from the supplier, and highlights the importance of innovation-friendly procurement practice for supporting innovation. The study identified indirect innovation effects of public procurement and number of conditions that have supported success of public procurement of innovation project such as close and early engagement with supplier; role of supplier acting as a technology champion; competence for applying functional specification; political support; sufficient resource allocation and institutional match between involved organizations. These findings lend support to the idea that public procurement of innovation may have occurred as a result of innovation-friendly procurement practice regardless of the lack of an explicit intention to promote innovation and challenge assumptions on which emerging policy initiatives are based on. These findings also suggest that the local government procurement may have a role to play in supporting innovation that goes beyond current definition of public procurement as a mission-oriented instrument to be exploited for resolving social challenges. These understandings could contribute to further policy development that may lead to a situation where public procurement of innovation is utilized to a greater extent than it is today in Denmark.     

南京国民政府救济水灾委员会的活动与民间义赈

1931年的水灾是民国时期最为严重的天灾之一。南京国民政府为此特成立了救济水灾委员会(简称“国水委”)。该文主要考察国民政府这一新设的救灾行政机构的特征与民间义赈的关系;从中国荒政史的角度,分析南京政府时期救灾行政体系的特点,进而联系民国史的研究,以更为广阔的视野来观察国家权力(官赈)与社会势力(义赈)的关系。     

群体性突发事件应急处置中政府机会主义行为的社会仿真分析

运用演化博弈理论建模与多主体社会仿真实验,分析研究了群体性突发事件中地方政府机会主义行为对事态演变的影响。首先,构建了地方政府部门与社会弱势群体间的演化博弈模型,模型结果表明了地方政府部门机会主义行为将导致群体性突发事件不断扩大的趋势;其次,基于昆明螺蛳湾商户聚集事件事态的演变过程,运用多主体社会仿真方法检验演化博弈理论模型的分析结果,仿真结果较好地验证了理论分析和案例结论。将社会仿真实验方法应用于演化博弈理论分析的研究结论表明,地方政府机会主义行为直接导致了事态扩大趋势,同时也延误了事件处理的最佳时机。     

妇联组织官办性的成因分析:一种路径依赖

妇联作为中国最大的维护妇女权益的群团组织,按其自身的发展逻辑而言,应是独立于政府的自治性组织。但当前我国的妇联组织在其运作过程中仍存在着较强的"官办性"。新制度经济学的路径依赖理论可以对这一现象作出解释。该理论认为,制度变迁容易形成路径依赖现象的原因一是既得利益集团的阻挠,二是非正式制度安排的影响。妇联官办性的成因从本质上讲亦是既得利益团体和非正式制度安排导致的路径依赖,而摆脱官办性带来的制度低效则需要政府和妇联组织的协同努力。     

政治过程视域下的中国利益集团研究

以政治过程为研究视角,探究我国利益集团的现状及存在问题,指出在当前转型期的背景下,我国利益集团呈现不平衡发展,并且在不断分化、重组,对政治的参与也呈现出各自的特点,并提出规制方法,以促使我国政治理论的研究发展。     

设计／建造承包模式的工作程序

论述了一种新的设计/建造模式的工作程序及其主要特征,并与目前流行的设计/建造模式进行了分析比较。这种新的设计/建造模式可以为变革我国建筑市场项目采购方式单一的局面,推行工程总承包提供技术支持,全面提升项目管理水平。     

信息不对称与政府失效

有效政府是经济和社会发展的关键。提高政府的有效性,已成为当今政府改革的主要价值取向。信息不对称是市场失灵的重要表现,也是导致政府失效的重要原因。解决政府与公众之间的信息不对称,需要制度创新和体制保障。