Girlz II women: Age‐grading,language change and stylistic variation

Informed by abstract models of language change or stability over time, we present a longitudinal study of two African American females, first interviewed as teenagers, and re‐recorded twenty years later. As teenagers, they used morpho‐syntactic features of AAVE voraciously. But as working adults, these women distance themselves from their teenage activities and social networks, and display a considerably reduced vernacular usage that accords with their articulated concern to get ahead. The diachronic interpretation that best characterizes their transformation is age‐grading rather than generational change, since change at the individual level is accompanied by stability at the community level. The picture is complicated by intermediate recordings showing that one of the speakers is a stylistic chameleon, capable since her teenage years of varying copula absence rates depending on addressee, topic, and projected persona. But the age‐grading interpretation of change at the individual level remains valid based on the evidence of her reduced use of habitual be2, and third singular present tense –s absence. The case highlights the importance of paying more attention to stylistic variation and including more than two time points in sociolinguistic studies of change in real and apparent time.     

On the improvement of one-sided S control charts

The most common charting procedure used for monitoring the variance of the distribution of a quality characteristic is the S control chart. As a Shewhart-type control chart, it is relatively insensitive in the quick detection of small and moderate shifts in process variance. The performance of the S chart can be improved by supplementing it with runs rules or by varying the sample size and the sampling interval. In this work, we introduce and study one-sided adaptive S control charts, supplemented or not with one powerful runs rule, for detecting increases or decreases in process variation. The properties of the proposed control schemes are obtained by using a Markov chain approach. Furthermore, a practical guidance for the choice of the most suitable control scheme is also provided.     

抚河河道的变迁

本文从抚河河道变迁的事实出发，得出其变迁的特点，分析其变迁的原因。提出应加固抚河右堤、疏通东汉河与开挖下游东分流河行洪的建议。     

Species richness and altitudinal variation in the aquatic metazoan community in bamboo phytotelmata from north Sulawesi

We compared the aquatic metazoan community structure in bamboo stumps between a lowland (Kosinggolan; 200 m a.s.l.) and a highland site (Moat; 1030–1050 m a.s.l.) in North Sulawesi. The lowland bamboo stumps harbored 38 taxa including 2 predators, and the highland stumps harbored 35 taxa including 2 predators. In total 45 taxa were recorded, including 3 predators. Dominant detritivores were Tipulidae, Scirtidae, Chironomidae, Culicidae and Ceratopogonidae. The sole dominant predators wereToxorhynchites mosquito larvae, which occurred in 67% and 28% of stumps at the lowland and the highland sites, respectively. Although the mean biomass per stump did not differ significantly between the sites, the mean number of species per stump was significantly smaller at the lowland site. In addition, the variation in species composition among stumps was greater at the lowland site than at the highland site. Among dominant taxonomic groups, the number of non-predatory culicid species per stump was smaller at the lowland site where their predator,Toxorhynchites, was more abundant, although both sites had the same number of culicid species. In the presence ofToxorhynchites, the density and biomass of other culicids per stump were reduced significantly. The difference in predator density might affect differences in the local-scale community structure of individual bamboo stumps.     

Semiparametric Inference Methods for General Time Scale Models

In this paper we consider semiparametric inference methods for the time scale parameters in general time scale models (Oakes, 1995, Duchesne and Lawless, 2000). We use the results of Robins and Tsiatis (1992) and Lin and Ying (1995) to derive a rank-based estimator that is more efficient and robust than the traditional minimum coefficient of variation (min CV) estimator of Kordonsky and Gerstbakh (1993) for many underlying models. Moreover, our estimator can readily handle censored samples, which is not the case with the min CV method.     

语言变体与翻译——由《哈克贝恩·芬历险记》看语言变体的汉译

语言变体是相对与标准语言而言的,它在每一种语言里的表现形式各不相同,英语的变体可以通过语音、词汇、语法等手段来体现,而汉语则主要通过词汇来显示其差异.两者之间的不平衡性给英语文学作品的汉译带来了很大的困难.本文旨在通过对<哈克贝恩@芬历险记>两种译本的比较来探讨英汉语言变体的翻译方法.     

中国经济体制改革特点新探

中国二十多年的经济体制改革,在理论和实践上都积淀了丰硕的成果。这场改革具有两个鲜明特点:(1)从改革方式看,是“渐进式改革”;(2)从改革内容看,是“创新式改革”。两个特点交相辉映,共同演绎出了一曲举世瞩目的华彩乐章,构造了中华民族走向伟大复兴的重要前奏。充分认识和理解两个特点及其相互关系,是总结这场改革运动丰富经验的重要方面,并对于进一步深化经济体制改革和推进整个改革开放大业具有重要借鉴作用。     

论中国古代人情小说的发展流变

<金瓶梅>出现之后,中国的人情小说在向着两个相反的方向发展,一个方向是直接受<金瓶梅>影响而产生的一批"淫书",另一个方向是作为<金瓶梅>及其末流的反动而出现的才子佳人小说.而<红楼梦>则是在批判二者的基础上述到的更高层次的综合.从主题、人物设置与描写到结构,<红楼梦>是经过才子佳人小说冲刷过的<金瓶梅>.而且兴起于勾栏瓦舍中的小说从此才与空灵妙悟的高雅诗文传统合流.     

新闻传播学视角下的“全译”与“变译”——以汶川地震新闻报道为例

“全译”与“变译”是一对新的翻译范畴，全译要求尽可能的忠实于原文；变译理论是指为了满足读者的需求，可以采取增、减、编、述、缩、并、改等策略。变译作为全译的补充有其明显的优势，并将在对外宣传翻译中发挥越来越重要的作用。本文尝试用跨学科研究的方法在新闻传播学中分析其理论依据，并以中国新华网和中国政府网上关于汶川地震的一些新闻报道为例阐释其在现代新闻翻译中的实践与运用。