The persistence of variation in individual grammars: Copula absence in ‘urban sojourners’ and their stay‐at‐home peers,Bequia (St Vincent and the Grenadines)1

Recent work on phonological variation largely supports the apparent‐time construct, though some change across an individual's lifespan is possible. But how much change is possible in an individual's grammar? How much is grammar affected by extended absence in a new, urban speech community? Social dialect surveys traditionally exclude individuals who have left their community for an extended period of time, under the assumption that dialect contact causes levelling or restructuring of the linguistic system. However, our ongoing work in a Caribbean speech community suggests that the kinds of changes that can affect grammatical variables are more constrained than we might think. Raw frequencies of vernacular variants may fluctuate, but language‐internal constraints persist. Drawing on recordings from Bequia we compare the group norms for absence of copula/auxiliary be in three villages. We show that ‘urban sojourners’– Bequians who have spent an extended period overseas – may sound very different from their stay‐at‐home peers, but close examination shows only superficial restructuring of their grammars. Overall frequencies of be absence may be dramatically reduced but the ranking of language‐internal constraints remains largely unchanged. These results reaffirm the validity of modelling variable rules in a community grammar, rather than as an aggregation of idiolectal norms.     

《左传》否定词“非”研究

先秦汉语的否定词研究,尤其是围绕"非"的词性的研究一直是汉语史研究中的一个热点问题。从《左传》否定词"非"的语法功能和表义功能的分析来看,在《左传》中"非"只能是副词,不可能是系词。与"非"联系紧密的"匪",它和"非"在否定谓语时确实相通,只是使用的阶段不同罢了。     

英汉语篇中照应、替代衔接手段对比与翻译

通过对比分析 ,汉英两种语言在照应、替代衔接手段方面有一些共性和差异以及翻译技巧     

象声词的语法功能和表达作用

从语法功能看，象声词有成句功能，但主要是充当状语，此外还可以充当定语、谓语、补语、宾语，或充当独立语；从表达功用上看，它或以其声塑造音响形象，或借其声描绘情态，或以有声写无声，为语言表达增添了形象性。     

Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense BE in the English Fens

In the dialect contact framework proposed by Trudgill (1986), relatively little research has investigated the consequences of the mixing of different grammatical systems of English. The apparent time survey of the Fenland dialect of eastern England reported here provides an example of a range of dialect contact processes reconfiguring variable patterns of past tense BE, resulting in a variety with analogical levelling to was in positive contexts –' the farms was '– and to weren't in negative clauses –' the farm weren't '. In focussing this was/weren't pattern, a number of the processes typical of koine´isation can be observed – diffusion (the geographical and/or social spread of a linguistic form from another socio-geographical place), levelling (the eradication of marked or minority forms in situations of dialect competition, where the number of variants in the output is dramatically reduced from the number in the input), simplification (a relative diminution of grammatical irregularity and redundancy) and reallocation (where two (or more) ingredient variants of the dialect mix are refunctionalised to serve new social, stylistic, or, as here, grammatical roles).     

词义及其构成研究拾零

词义及构成研究中遗留着许多问题,需要深入探讨。语义三角理论对宏观上的词义认知具有重要价值。词义是复合的结构体。语法义在词义结构中具有普遍性;概念义是词义的基础,是理性义的一种主要类型。     

广东闽方言语法特点的比较研究

本文通过比较研究,指出了广东闽方言东、西两区在语法上的六个共同特点和六个区别特征,对进一步深入研究各区闽语的语言特点的形面和发展有一定的意义。     

浅论英语长句的翻译方法

英文长句容量大，结构复杂，翻译时，通常需要对长句进行详细的语法分析，将长句分解为较短的语义单位，并对语序做出重新安排。试从语法分析、句子分解和语序安排3个方面，简单阐述英语长句的翻译方法。     

现代汉语结构助词“的”和老挝语结构助词thi︶33的对比研究

汉语结构助词"的"前后成分与老挝语结构助词thi^︶33相对应的后前成分有异同,尤其表现在老挝语里的thi^︶33字短语的使用范围比汉语里的"的"字短语小得多。在"的"和thi^︶33的隐现规律的异同中,又表现为特别老挝语里的结构助词和汉语的结构助词一样具有凸显偏项的功能,不同的是汉语内涵定语是否加"的"形成称谓性定语和非称谓性定语的对立,而老挝语里没有这种对立,老挝语里表称谓性的定语不加结构助词,而一些描写性的定语也同样可以不加结构助词。     

语法认知与语法教学研究

帮助学生习得目标语语法是外语教学的根本任务,语法教学的争论使外语教学的目标和手段变得不明朗,准确把握外语教学需要重新审视各种教学法对语法性质的认定,对现有主要教学法背后语法认知的分析表明：语法观对教学法起着决定作用,浮现主义语法观指导下的联想-认知教学法具有全面性。