语篇中指称选择的认知语用解释

叙述语篇中的指称选择主要受到三个因素的影响:指称距离,指称对象是否引起歧义,指称对象与话题焦点的关系。这三个因素归根结底可以从心理学方面得到解释。人类的记忆系统和认知特点决定了人类对指称选择的认知加工方式。     

词类划分标准的回顾和选择

上世纪50年代,中国语法学界曾经有过一场词类划分标准的讨论。语法学界把标准定格在意义、形态、功能和“词汇.语法范畴”四个方面。对这些标准的回顾和诠释,可以对词类划分的标准作出更加科学的抉择。     

On Fuzzy Expressions in English

In this paper I attempt to explain my general understanding of fuzzy expressions in language, and I take English as an example. Fuzziness is one of the basic characteristics of language. It differs from generality, ambiguity and vagueness. There are many examples of fuzzy expressions in English. I supply examples of color words, some adjectives and linguistic hedges. Finally I attempt to explain fuzziness from pragmatic point of view.     

语言学能对蒙英双语学生语法习得的影响

本论文基于对语言学能国内外研究介绍的基础上,对西北民族大学蒙英双语学生的语言学能中的语法敏感性进行测试并对测试结果进行了分析.结果显示,被试的语言学能的语法敏感性有一定的稳定性,多语言的学习并未对学生的语言学能产生显著影响,也没有造成和普通班学生语言学能的显著差距.实验结果对于英班学生的培养方案和教学重点都有一定的启示.     

Effects of Outcome and Probabilistic Ambiguity on Managerial Choices

Information ambiguity is prevalent in organizations and likely influences management decisions. This study examines, given imprecise probabilities and outcomes, how managers make choices when they are provided with single-figure benchmarks. Seventy-nine MBA students completed two experiments. We found that, in a decision framed as a decision under certainty involving an ambiguous outcome, the majority of the subjects were ambiguity prone in the loss condition and switched to ambiguity aversion in the gain condition. However, in the presence of probabilistic ambiguity in a decision under risk, this expected switching pattern was shown only when the difference in riskiness between the two choice options (in the loss condition) was perceived to be relatively small. In a companion study, we used a written protocol approach to identify factors that affect decision makers' investment choices when faced with ambiguous outcomes. Protocols frequently mentioned that the ambiguous outcome option was risky, even in the case which was framed as a decision under certainty in the problem statement. In a decision under risk with ambiguous outcomes, the combination of probabilistic risk and outcome ambiguity was seen as even more risky.     

生成音位学重音规则解析交际英语歧义现象

运用“生成音位学”的基本原理和规则,可揭示词语结构元素的内在特征和元素的组织方式及其规律,并解析交际英语中连读、同音异义及句法结构等引起的歧义问题。生成音位学重音规则对指导交际英语和处理语音歧义问题的研究有着重要的意义,同时也为二语使用者处理交际语言歧义问题提供了理论依据。     

现代汉语中的词位和词位变体

词在语音、词形、语法、意义上的差异所体现的性质、所产生的结果是不一样的,有的属于同一词的不同表现状态,有的则属于不同的词,前者是同一词位的各个变体,后者是不同的词位。现代汉语的词位变体主要有以下四种类型:(1)词的语音形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体往往呈现互补分布状态,是一种条件变体;(2)词的书写形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体并不呈现互补分布状态,是一种自由变体;(3)词的语法形式的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体主要是通过词的重叠和词内素序的变化来实现的,也是一种条件变体;(4)词的意义上的变异所形成的词位变体,这种词位变体的意义上的变异当然是有限制的,即变异前后的两个或几个意义有着密切的联系,也是一种条件变体。     

Insurer ambiguity and market failure

A series of studies investigate the decision processes of actuaries, underwriters, and reinsurers in setting premiums for ambiguous and uncertain risks. Survey data on prices reveal that all three types of these insurance decision makers are risk averse and ambiguity averse. In addition, groups appear to be influenced in their premium-setting decisions by specific reference points such as expected loss and the concern with insolvency. This behavior is consistent with a growing analytical and empirical literature in economics and decision processes that investigates the role that uncertainty plays on managerial choices. Improved risk-assessment procedures and government involvement in providing protection against catastrophic losses may induce insurers to reduce premiums and broaden available coverage.This article is part of a larger effort supported by the National Science Foundation on The Role of Insurance, Compensation, Regulation, and Protective Behavior in Decision Making about Risk and Misfortune. We greatly appreciate the many helpful comments and suggestions by our colleagues on the project: Jon Baron, Colin Camerer, Neil Doherty, Jack Hershey, Eric Johnson, and Paul Kleindorfer. Support from NSF Grant #SES8809299 is gratefully acknowledged.     

90年代日本危机与日本文化诸模式

日本90年代的危机不仅与经济运行周期有关 ,而且与日本人的文化价值观、行为模式有直接的联系。本文从暧昧的责任体制、内外分明的集团主义文化、依赖性心理结构等方面对这场危机进行深层次探讨     

语境中的有意歧义

利用语境制造有意歧义能使语言更丰富 ,产生更佳的语言效果。本文首先论述了句法歧义与语境歧义的不同点 ,接着从四个方面 (同音词、双关、模糊语、言外之意 )阐述了文学作品中的有意歧义