与句法中的语义有关的几组概念

语义因素在语法中的作用越来越受到重视,在语法分析中不可能完全离开语义.在探讨汉语句法中的语义问题时,朱德熙等先后使用过"显性语法关系"和"隐性语法关系","高层次的语义关系"和"低层次语义关系","语法意义"和"语义关系"等几组与句法中的语义有关的概念.这些概念有的大致对应,有的差别较大,研究者往往不察,在使用中存在不小的混乱,因此,有必要梳理一下这几组概念的来源及其内涵.     

英语句法结构歧义的认知分析

从认知的角度利用图形-背景理论对英语句法结构歧义进行了分析,探讨了歧义产生的认知原因,为句法歧义的解释提供了一个新的视角。     

刑法语言的明确性与模糊性逻辑分析

成文法主义之下,刑法规范体现为以语言文字为载体的法律文本,明确性与模糊性构成了刑法语言的两个基本属性,明确性体现了刑法刚性的要求。模糊性体现了刑法弹力的需要。模糊性并不必然损害刑法的明确性,刑法明确性的追求也不能以牺牲刑法公正为代价,应当谋求二者之间的衡平,实现罪刑法定原则的要求。     

Unfair,uncertain, and unwilling: How decision-making unfairness and unclear job tasks reduce problem-focused voice behavior,unless there is task conflict

In an attempt to expand extant literature devoted to employees' voice behavior, the current research unpacks the connection between their experience of procedural unfairness, such that organizational decision-making lacks transparency, and their problem-focused voice behavior. In this link, the authors predict that job ambiguity functions as a mediator, and coworker task conflict takes a moderating role. Survey data, collected among employees in a large Portuguese retail organization, affirm that perceptions about unfair decision policies can curtail employees’ propensities to raise their voice about organizational failures, because they develop the belief that their employer is failing to provide sufficient job-related information. If they can exchange conflicting viewpoints with others though, this detrimental process might not proceed. Organizations should take care to avoid accusations of unclear job roles, because they create a route by which frustrations about opaque decision-making can escalate into employee complacency; they also should encourage productive idea clashes within their ranks to help block that route.     

The Power of a 😉: Emojis Reducing Ambiguity in Digitally Mediated Romantic Encounters

Digital technology has long provided new ways of initiating romantic relationships as people communicate through text messages, social media, and dating applications. Emojis have been widely adopted as a means of conveying nonverbal cues in digital communication. However, what role do platform-provided social cues, such as emojis, play in fostering or impeding clear communication and shared romantic expectations from a flirtatious text message conversation? In this study, 713 college students were randomly assigned to read a Snapchat conversation with or without emojis and, they were subsequently asked to infer the characters' thoughts and feelings, clarity of the characters' intentions, and indicate their own discomfort with receiving a similar Snapchat message. The results showed that emojis increase the clarity of the main character's intentions. Moreover, the participants' cognitive efforts, the extent to which they were emotionally affected by the conversation, and the presence of emojis reduced comfort level with receiving a similar Snapchat message. These findings suggest that emojis provide clarity to romantic conversations, which can amplify the interpersonal discomfort of receiving text-based sexual overtures.     

A Subjective Spin on Roulette Wheels

We provide a simple behavioral definition of ‘subjective mixture’ of acts for a large class of (not necessarily expected‐utility) preferences. Subjective mixtures enjoy the same algebraic properties as the ‘objective mixtures’ used to great advantage in the decision setting introduced by Anscombe and Aumann (1963). This makes it possible to formulate mixture‐space axioms in a fully subjective setting. For illustration, we present simple subjective axiomatizations of some models of choice under uncertainty, including Bewley's model of choice with incomplete preferences (2002).