How children tell a (prosocial) lie from an (ironic) joke: The role of shared knowledge

Understanding counterfactual utterances is a major challenge for children, because of the many ways in which they can be interpreted (pretence, errors, figures of speech, lies). In the present study, 7-year-olds and adults determined whether counterfactual utterances were prosocial lies or irony, depending on whether the counterfactuality was known only to the speaker (unshared knowledge) or to both interlocutors (shared knowledge). When the counterfactuality was shared by the interlocutors, both the 7-year-olds and the adults were less likely to interpret the speaker's counterfactual utterance as an attempted lie, and more likely to conclude that the speaker was being ironic. Adults were better than children at distinguishing irony from lies, but both age groups exhibited the same response pattern, namely a bias toward lying. This bias did not prevent the adults from deciding that the speaker was being ironic when the counterfactuality was shared, whereas children responded at chance level. In children, the association between task performance and theory-of-mind skills was nonsignificant, with a very small effect size. We discuss the possibility that, contrary to widespread belief, distinguishing irony from lies does not necessarily involve theory of mind (ToM).     

文化差异与翻译的求同存异

语言和文化两者密不可分,相互依存。同样的词语在不同的历史、文化和习俗背景下所产生的语义和效果不同。要学好英语,就要了解英语产生的社会文化背景,了解中外文化差异;翻译中教会学生从文化内涵来分析并理解作品,处理好文化差异中的求同存异。文中简述了后现代语境下的文化与翻译以及几种常见的翻译方法。     

判决理由的正当性证明与法律推理

在司法实践中,判决的正当性来源于判决理由的正当性,判决理由的正当性则与法律推理密切相关。实践证明运用法律推理进行说理,将法官判决的整个过程充分呈现,可以获得判决理由的正当性证明。借助于法律推理方法实现判决理由的正当性证明是可行的,也是必要的。判决理由的正当性证明就是法律推理形式上与实质上的合法性与合理性证明,是法律推理前提和结论形成过程的推导证明。通过法律推理对判决理由进行正当性证明,可以增强判决文书的说服力,有助于判决目的的最终实现。     

基于职教新干线创建化工仿真教学平台的研究

基于职教新干线,构建了包括化工＂仿真＂教室、化工＂仿真＂实训平台、化工＂仿真＂培训资源平台在内的一体化数学平台。一体化平台为学生和社会学习者提供直接服务,促进了校企合作与资源共享。     

试论《史记》传记文学的真实性

《史记》传记文学写作坚持实事求是的“实录”精神 ,为确保传记文学的真实性 ,确定并遵循四项写作原则 :一是忠实于“六艺” ,不随意杜撰 ;二是忠实于古籍 ,不偏离古文 ;三是对怪诞不经之语舍而不取 ;四是搜集逸闻轶事 ,纠正谬误。从这一点上 ,司马迁的“实录”精神 ,为后世史家树立了光辉典范     

Salmonella Prevalence Alone Is Not a Good Indicator of Poultry Food Safety

Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness (i.e., salmonellosis) outbreaks, which on occasion are attributed to ground turkey. The poultry industry uses Salmonella prevalence as an indicator of food safety. However, Salmonella prevalence is only one of several factors that determine risk of salmonellosis. Consequently, a model for predicting risk of salmonellosis from individual lots of ground turkey as a function of Salmonella prevalence and other risk factors was developed. Data for Salmonella contamination (prevalence, number, and serotype) of ground turkey were collected at meal preparation. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate effects of model variables on risk of salmonellosis. Epidemiological data were used to simulate Salmonella serotype virulence in a dose‐response model that was based on human outbreak and feeding trial data. Salmonella prevalence was 26% (n = 100) per 25 g of ground turkey, whereas Salmonella number ranged from 0 to 1.603 with a median of 0.185 log per 25 g. Risk of salmonellosis (total arbitrary units (AU) per lot) was affected (p ≤ 0.05) by Salmonella prevalence, number, and virulence, by incidence and extent of undercooking, and by food consumption behavior and host resistance but was not (p > 0.05) affected by serving size, serving size distribution, or total bacterial load of ground turkey when all other risk factors were held constant. When other risk factors were not held constant, Salmonella prevalence was not correlated (r = ?0.39; p = 0.21) with risk of salmonellosis. Thus, Salmonella prevalence alone was not a good indicator of poultry food safety because other factors were found to alter risk of salmonellosis. In conclusion, a more holistic approach to poultry food safety, such as the process risk model developed in the present study, is needed to better protect public health from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella.     

“当时体”影响下的杜甫诗体之变

如今探地雷达在混凝土空洞检测中广泛应用。但在检测时，往往受到钢筋网的影响，致使空洞难以辨别。为此对多种情形下的混凝土空洞进行检测试验，详细介绍了模型制作、参数设置、测线布置、数据处理。试验表明，探地雷达可以清晰地对混凝土空洞进行辨别。     

一种机载雷达中频地杂波信号模拟器

描述了一种用于机载雷达测试的中频地杂波信号模拟器,其特点是杂波信号功率谱形状十分接近理想的高斯型,其幅度分布和相位分布也同时接近真实的地杂波分布。该设备采用了双通道独立产生高斯过程的方法,保证了输出杂波的幅相随机性。为了模拟载机的运动和天线扫描引起的杂波中心频率及带宽的变化,杂波的中心频率实时可调,杂波的带宽也可以在很宽的范围内调定。最后,本文给出了该设备的性能指标及测试结果。     

谈蛙泳练习模拟器的设计与应用

根据蛙泳运动技术的特点和在教学中学生易出现的错误动作,作者设计了一种蛙泳陆上练习模拟器,并在教学实践中进行运用,对钻研教学方法,合理运用教学手段,提高教学质量具有很好的实用价值和指导意义,对开发体育市场,促进体育产业化也是一个大胆的尝试。