Opportunities of the minimum Anderson–Darling estimator as a variant of the maximum likelihood method

We reveal that the minimum Anderson–Darling (MAD) estimator is a variant of the maximum likelihood method. Furthermore, it is shown that the MAD estimator offers excellent opportunities for parameter estimation if there is no explicit formulation for the distribution model. The computation time for the MAD estimator with approximated cumulative distribution function is much shorter than that of the classical maximum likelihood method with approximated probability density function. Additionally, we research the performance of the MAD estimator for the generalized Pareto distribution and demonstrate a further advantage of the MAD estimator with an issue of seismic hazard analysis.     

浅谈社会发展的双重结构模式

探索适合于研究发展中国家的社会结构模式 ,从而突破单一结构模式的现代化理论的局限性是本文的主旨。运用分析和比较的方法 ,指出社会结构具有多重性、多层次性 ,发展中国家的社会结构具有独特性。发展中国家只有形成社会表层结构与社会深层结构良性互动的模式 ,才能保持结构张力 ,焕发社会活力 ,促进社会发展。     

激光散斑相位差的条件统计分布与表面粗糙度的关系

在粗糙表面高度起伏服从高斯统计和表面服从圆型相关的情况下，分析了由弱散射体产生的远场高斯激光散斑相位差的条件统计分布与表面粗糙度的关系．     

WTO争端解决机制与突破绿色贸易壁垒

绿色贸易壁垒是在20世纪80年代兴起的一种非关税壁垒形式,其表现形式是进口国通过严格的环保标准和其他措施,阻碍国外商品进入本国市场,构成实质性的贸易障碍。发展中国家由于经济及生产技术水平较低,容易受到其制约或限制,因而引发贸易争端。WTO争端解决机制所具有的严密的程序性、较高的透明度和公平性,将有助于发展中国家突破绿色贸易壁垒。当然,这种积极性作用也因WTO争端解决机制本身的某些缺陷而不能完全发挥。     

哲学的两种改造——罗蒂与阿佩尔哲学比较

19世纪末、20世纪初西方哲学陷入了困境,"语言学转向"是哲学家们为使哲学走出困境而进行探索的一种产物.罗蒂与阿佩尔都认为这一"转向"不够成功,未能使哲学走出困境.为此他们各自提出了自己的改造方案.罗蒂的后哲学文化强调剥夺哲学的特权,使之融入文化的领域之中,成为一个平等的对话者;阿佩尔的先验语用学则强调哲学应建立在主体间性维度的基础上,仍坚持先验语用学具有奠基的功能,先验语用学把先验哲学、语言分析哲学、解释学和实用主义等有机地结合起来,使之成为第一哲学的第三范式.相对而言,阿佩尔的哲学改造更具有合理性.     

孔子学说与先秦“显学”的关系

将孔子学说与先秦所谓显学的儒、道、墨、法四家联系起来加以研究,可以看出,虽然孔子创立了儒家学说,但是不应该把孔子确定为诸子之中的一子;代表他思想的不是《论语》,而是"六经";四家所谓显学与孔子学说不是并列关系,而是侧重强调了孔子学说中的某个或某些部分;今天,我们应该重视对诸子学说的求同,而不应该只是求异.     

Admissible minimum bias estimation of response surfaces

The minimum bias estimator was introduced as an alternative to the least squares estimator for approximating response functions by low-order polynomials. Here we show how to obtain an admissible estimator with smaller squared bias.     

Second-Order Response Surface Model with Neighbor Effects

This article considers the second-order response surface model in which the experimental units, i.e., plots experience the neighbor effects from immediate left and right neighboring plots assuming the plots to be placed adjacent linearly with no gaps. Conditions have been derived for the estimation of coefficients of second-order response surface model. A method of constructing designs for fitting second-order response surface in the presence of neighbor effects has been developed. The designs so obtained are found to be rotatable.     

The Economic Efficiency of Sampling Size: The Case of Beef Trim

The economically optimal sample size in a food safety test balances the marginal costs and marginal benefits of increasing the sample size. We provide a method for selecting the sample size when testing beef trim for Escherichia coli O157:H7 that equates the averted costs of recalls and health damages from contaminated meats sold to consumers with the increased costs of testing while allowing for uncertainty about the underlying prevalence rates of contamination. Using simulations, we show that, in most cases, the optimal sample size is larger than the current sample size of 60 and, in some cases, it exceeds 120. Moreover, lots with a lower prevalence rate have a higher expected damage because contamination is more difficult to detect. Our simulations indicate that these lots have a higher optimal sampling rate.     

弯曲液面的临界光反射现象

实验中发现了弯曲液面的临界光反射现象,并采集到清晰的、对比度高的弯曲液面临界反射图样。在激光束斜入射的情况下,弯曲液面临界反射的图样中,有一椭圆状暗场,暗场附近区域有明亮清晰的条纹。根据几何光学的分析,解释了这一临界光反射现象。