侗族“栖居”的文化研究

侗族栖居之所适应了侗族的生存需求 ,蕴藏着原始情感 ,寄托着精神信仰 ;神、人、鬼的“三界”在这里和谐相处 ;侗族在栖居中形成宁静的文化心态 ,其哲学意义是“阴阳”的相生相化     

绍兴市的野生动物及保护思路

绍兴市地形、植被多样，气候温和，雨量充沛，栖息着众多野生动物，但人们对维护生态平衡缺乏认识，盲目毁林，破坏了野生动物栖息地；工农业三废处理不慎，动物生境遭到污染；又存在乱捕滥猎现象，野生动物资源破坏严重。我市虽对野生动物保护做了大量工作，可是野生动物种群和数量，还是迅速下降。为加强野生动物保护，提出健全保护机构，加强管理，深入宣传，制订规划，建立保护区等思路，以维护我市生态平衡，保护好野生动物，促进其发展和合理利用。     

Patterns of human disturbance and response by small mammals and birds in chaparral near urban development

We report on the extent of disturbance (including habitat alteration and road and trail proliferation) in chaparral near urban development and analyze the effects of disturbance on small mammal and resident bird species. Disturbance patterns were evaluated in a 6700 ha study area in southern California: effects on mammals and birds were investigated by analyzing relationships between vegetation structure and animal species richness and abundance. Disturbance was prevalent throughout the study area and included extensive human-altered habitat (from past human activities such as vegetation clearing, human-caused fires, refuse dumping, and vegetation trampling) and 157 km of roads and trails. A nonsignificant trend was found between human-altered habitat and proximity to development, but human-altered habitat was significantly associated with roadway proximity. Trails were also more frequent near urban development and roads. Small mammals responded strongly to disturbance-related vegetation changes, while birds showed little or no response. Mammals endemic to chaparral vegetation were less diverse and abundant in disturbed sites, whereas disturbance-associated species increased in abundance. Close proximity of urban development to natural areas resulted in alteration of natural habitat and proliferation of roads and trails. Variation in life history traits between birds and mammals may affect response to disturbance and influence persistence if disturbance continues. Conservation efforts must recognize the potential for habitat damage and associated declines in native animal species caused by disturbance near urbanization and implement strategies to reduce these threats.     

劳伦斯思想张力的诗意栖息——评电影《查太莱夫人》

电影《查太莱夫人》将劳伦斯矛盾对抗又和谐统一的思想张力以女性的视角、诗意的电影语言重新解读,一方面用对比的叙事策略将文明与自然的冲突以象征的形式表现在荧屏之上,同时,又强化了两性关系中彼此的“温柔”对两性融合的关键作用。可以说这部电影是劳伦斯张力思想的诗意栖息,部分体现了原著的思想内涵,又带有较为明显的女性主义色彩。     

万荣笑话的社会文化价值研究

万荣笑话产生于当地族群所处生境与民众习焉不察的日常生活中。万荣笑话大多形式短小精悍,折射出民众的生活百态,能够宣泄民从情感,娱乐百姓生活;还能维系人际关系,促进社会稳定;具有重要的社会文化价值。     

主体地位与栖息地:野生动物法律保护问题研究

野生动物法律地位和栖息地保护是我国野生动物保护的两大本源性问题,但是民法总则尚未涉及上述问题,这折射出我国在野生动物主体资格认定方面的障碍,也反映出野生动物栖息地保护的深层问题,亟待赋予野生动物民事主体资格,并完善对野生动物栖息地的保护,推进野生动物法律保护的研究进程。     

Impact of urbanization on the water quality,fish habitat,and fish community of a Lake Ontario marsh,Frenchman’s Bay

Frenchman’s Bay is a barrier beach wetland with a highly urbanized watershed located east of Toronto, along the north shore of Lake Ontario. Degradation of water quality has reduced the historically large stand of emergent vegetation to fringe emergent beds to the north and south of the Bay. Altered hydrology and runoff from the urban watershed and a nearby major highway have resulted in poor water quality, and warmer waters at the northern site. By contrast, the southern site has considerably cleaner and cooler water, as it is influenced by exchange of good-quality water with Lake Ontario. These differences in water quality were reflected in the composition of the fish assemblages that were sampled at the two sites over a 2-year period. Comparisons with past studies indicate that the dominant fish community of Frenchman’s Bay has been relatively stable for the last 20 years. Scores for the Wetland Fish Index, an indicator of wetland condition, were significantly higher in the south site than in the north site, which corresponded to significant differences in Water Quality Index scores. Although the northern portion of Frenchman’s Bay shows clear signs of degradation, the southern portion contains important fish habitat for western Lake Ontario.     

Distribution of neotropical migratory bird species across an urbanizing landscape

Urbanization leads to long-term modification of landscapes by habitat loss, fragmentation, and the creation of new habitats. Species’ distributions respond to these modifications of habitat availability, but the combination of parameters and scale at which habitat alteration most strongly influences species distributions is poorly understood. We evaluated responses of neotropical migratory birds, a group known to be sensitive to habitat modification, across a gradient of urbanization in the southeastern United States. Thirteen Breeding Bird Survey routes, each with 40 to 50 point counts, were used to quantify species richness across the gradient of urbanization extending from downtown areas of Columbus, GA to natural woodlands. Buffers of 100, 200, and 1000 m radii were constructed from remote images around each counting point to quantify land-use with the goal of evaluating land-use parameters and scales that best described spatial variation in migrant bird species richness. Within each buffer we quantified the proportion of each cover type and within the 1000 m buffers we included several configuration parameters. We used an information-theoretic approach to separate models whose predictor variables were land-use parameters. Because measures of landscape configuration were all correlated with urban cover, these variables were entered separately. In 2002, the best model was composed of large-scale urban cover (negative effect) and mid-scale mixed hardwoods (negative and positive effect) and transitional cover (negative and positive effect) as well as the interaction between the latter two terms (positive effect). In 2003, the best model was composed of weighted edge density (negative effect), mid-scale mixed hardwood cover (negative and positive effect) and large scale transitional cover (positive effect) and the interaction between mixed hardwoods and weighted edge density (positive effect). Our results indicate that large scale habitat attributes influence the local species richness of migrant birds more than smaller scales. These results also indicate that urbanization, through increased urban cover or increasing edge contrast, has strong negative effects on species richness. Our findings support the contention that the conservation value of small woodlots in urban settings may be minimal and suggest that conservation of migratory birds will be best achieved by giving higher priority to sites where urban cover is still low and by preserving large areas of “green space” in urbanizing landscapes. The negative influence of urban cover combined with relatively minor effects of non-urban habitats on distributions of neotropical migratory birds indicates that continued urbanization of landscapes is a serious concern for conservation efforts.     

Spatial pattern indices based on distances between individuals on a line-segment with finite length

Summary Let us consider a strip-wise habitat of line-segment, like a corridor, to simplify the subject mathematically, and assume that the length of the habitat is γ and there aren individuals. Here, we assume that the spatial pattern of the individuals is random if then distances from the left end of the habitat to each individual follow a uniform distribution on the strip. Under such an assumption, the variance of the distances between any two neighbors is represented by the formulanθ ²(n+1)⁻²(n+2)⁻¹ and the variance betweenn+1 distances betweenn individuals from the left end to the right end to the strip, is represented by the formulanθ ²(n+1)⁻²(n+2)⁻¹. These two kinds of variances can be used for determining (1) the spatial pattern of a population on the strip and (2) the spatial structure within the population, by comparison with the variances calculated from the data. Two examples cited from the literature, a cattle population on a pasture and an aphid population on a sycamore leaf, are presented.     

Use of urban habitats by coyotes in the vicinity of Banff Alberta

Little information is available on the degree to which coyotes (Canis latrans) use urban habitats. In the past, interactions between coyotes and humans have precipitated several instances of coyote aggression towards humans. Consequently, I analyzed use of urban habitats by coyotes and the possibilities for aggressive encounters with humans. In this study, 11 radio-collared coyotes were monitored between July 1991 and September 1992. Use/availability analysis demonstrated a clear difference in use of natural habitats between summer and winter. Urban habitats were used in direct proportion to availability during all time periods, except during the day in summer when coyotes avoided intense human activity. Campgrounds were not an attraction during either season. For the most part, coyotes in the vicinity of Banff used habitats available to them regardless of human activity. Evidence does not suggest the coyote population in the vicinity of Banff is predisposed to aggression due to familiarity with humans. The relationship between the data and coyote aggression towards humans is discussed.