Coping with Competitors Coast to Coast

Abstract. Ecstasy (MDMA) has been added to the spectrum of illicit drugs used by college students. In this study, the authors estimated the prevalence of ecstasy use within a large college student sample and investigated the polydrug-use history of those ecstasy users. They administered an anonymous questionnaire to college students (N = 1,206) in classrooms at a large university in the mid-Atlantic United States. The overall student response rate was 91%. Nine percent of the sample reported lifetime ecstasy use. Because 98% of ecstasy users had used marijuana, the authors compared polydrug use between ecstasy users and individuals who had used marijuana but not ecstasy. Ecstasy users, as compared with these marijuana users, were significantly more likely to have used inhalants (38% vs. 10%), LSD (38% vs. 5%), cocaine (46% vs 2%), and heroin (17% vs 1%) in the past year. Significant polydrug use among college student ecstasy users has important implications for their substance abuse treatment.     

黑客现象及其法文化意蕴

黑客问题是网络时代的产物 ,是法学研究者急需探讨的新课题。从概念入手 ,对黑客的各种定义予以归纳 ,并得出了自己的基本见解———黑客并不是破坏者 ,而只是闯入者。接着 ,文章从法律的特有视角描述了黑客行为发展的历史轨迹 ,并梳理了中国黑客现象的五大基本特征 ,即 :以网络安全技术为名 ;特别强调遵守法律 ;重视文化建设性向度 ;红客现象引人注目和黑客犯罪的日益突出。在此基础上 ,进而提炼出黑客现象在法律基础观念、法律价值评判及法律规制模式三个方面深刻的法文化意蕴     

从美国解密文件读解日美间核武器秘密协议

自1967年起佐藤荣作派密使若泉敬与尼克松的密使基辛格就冲绳回归和在日核武器处理等问题进行谈判。分析美国新解密的文件证实,日美之间就核武器问题存在秘密协议,读解这些文件、文献也解明了日美双方的决策过程,并提示了日美间秘密协议对我国国家安全可能产生的具体负面影响。     

Preventing the Importation of Illicit Nuclear Materials in Shipping Containers

We develop a mathematical model to find the optimal inspection strategy for detecting a nuclear weapon (or nuclear material to make a weapon) from being smuggled into the United States in a shipping container, subject to constraints of port congestion and an overall budget. We consider an 11-layer security system consisting of shipper certification, container seals, and a targeting software system, followed by passive (neutron and gamma), active (gamma radiography), and manual testing at overseas and domestic ports. Currently implemented policies achieve a low detection probability, and improved security requires passive and active testing of trusted containers and manually opening containers that cannot be penetrated by radiography. The annual cost of achieving a high detection probability of a plutonium weapon using existing equipment in traditional ways is roughly several billion dollars if testing is done domestically, and is approximately five times higher if testing is performed overseas. Our results suggest that employing high-energy x-ray radiography and elongating the passive neutron tests at overseas ports may provide significant cost savings, and several developing technologies, radiation sensors inside containers and tamper-resistant electronic seals, should be pursued aggressively. Further effort is critically needed to develop a practical neutron interrogation scheme that reliably detects moderately shielded, highly enriched uranium.     

Secrecy,publicity, and the bomb: Nuclear publics and objects of the Nevada Test Site, 1951–1992

This article provides an account of the nuclear test series carried out at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). We examine how practices of security produce publics and make particular forms of embodiment possible. This account focuses on three key moments to shift the debate on national security projects from audience to public by bringing intra-action and embodiment into the frame. First, we show how atomic testing operated on the terrain of public culture as much as physical territory. Second, we demonstrate how the materiality of the bomb, and its consequences for those who witnessed detonations, reveals the relation between publicity and secrecy as strategies for managing information about security projects. Finally, drawing on Barad's Agential Realism, we use the dosimetry film badge as a device through which to read the relationship between the atomic bomb and its nuclear publics.     

秦汉北部边防建设

秦汉重视加强北部边防建设,一是边防军队力量建设,派重兵驻防北边,主要有边郡兵、将屯兵、屯田兵和民族兵等,形成了比较强大的边防军事力量;二是边防的军事设施建设,大规模修筑边塞防御工程,建城筑堡,修障造燧,开拓道路,修筑的垣墙、城障、亭燧、烽台、关隘、军用道路和粮秣武库等军事设施,具有战斗、指挥、观察、通信、隐藏等综合功能,奠定了御敌、反击的坚实基础;三是边防经济建设,实施移民实边、积粟输边、军队屯边的移民屯垦政策,增强边防经济实力;四是边防防御能力建设,配置精良的武器装备,提高武器装备的技术性能,采用激励政策,用人以能,考核以绩,晋升以功,对违法失职的边防军追究责任,充分调动边防军提高技能的积极性,加强军事训练,发展骑兵部队,提高军队技术水平,建设精锐之师、无敌之师;五是边防和谐社会建设,对少数民族一方面施以缔约媾和、赏赐怀柔等恩德,另一方面武力征讨,施加威力,示以惩罚,还加强对待少数民族的防御,有备无患。秦汉北部边防建设有两个显著的特点,一是建章立制,二是财政投入力度大,保障了北部边防建设的正常有序进行。秦汉北部边防建设,增强了边防军事力量,提高了边防军的防御能力,有效地抵御外敌入侵,确保了边防的安全,巩固与维护了中原内腹地区的社会安定和经济繁荣,促进了北边地区的经济开发,加速了民族融合。     

奥巴马政府的核政策与朝核问题

第二届首尔核安全峰会的召开,激起国际社会对朝核问题的关注。作为重要的国际核安全问题,朝鲜核问题在美国新的核安全政策中处于何种地位,奥巴马政府将如何处理朝核问题成为国际社会关注热点。本文旨在探讨朝核问题自身的特殊性,分析奥巴马政府核安全政策的本质与内在矛盾,进而揭示美国新的核安全政策仍旧很难解决其在朝核问题上面临的困境。     

美俄核裁军协议及其对中国的影响

近年来,核不扩散机制饱受冲击,印巴核试验、朝核危机、伊核问题虽然是直接原因,美俄各自部署、存储大量核武器也难逃干系。2009年4月,美俄重启战略武器谈判,经过近一年的谈判,于2010年4月8日签署新协议。美俄达成新的裁军协定具有多重背景,它既与美俄旧版裁军条约的到期有关,也与奥巴马政府在核裁军问题上态度的转变相关,还与《不扩散核武器条约》审议大会的召开,以及解决伊朗核问题等有关。条约的签订既可推动停滞不前的核裁军进程,又对于严重受损的核不扩散机制产生积极影响。鉴于美俄核裁军协议的有限性,以及美俄在条约扩展至所有核国家上的共识,条约的签署也会对中国产生一定影响。     

二十世纪五六十年代联邦德国核武装问题探析

作为第二次世界大战的战败国,德国在战后的军事动向一直备受关注。为了消除其他国家特别是法国的疑虑,联邦德国政府以声明的形式承诺不在本国制造核武器。国际形势的变化,使联邦德国政府逐渐认识到核武器在军事和政治上的重要性。自1957年起,联邦德国政府开始谋求在不违反声明的前提下进行核武装,这种谋求核武装的努力最终以失败告终。     

从国际法上驳日本在其遗弃在华化学武器问题上的立场和观点

尽管第二次世界大战结束已有50多年,但日本军队在侵华战争中遗弃在中国领土内的化学武器却一直对我国的生态环境和人民生命财产造成严重危害。从国际法的角度看,这些化学武器的受害者能不能提出诉讼,有没有权利要求赔偿,本文将这两个基本问题并结合前不久东京地方法庭的一个判决和日本政府在该案中所陈述的论点,拟从国际法的基本原则和规定来进行阐述。