Dementia Problem Behavior and the Production of Informal Caregiving Services

Informal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease spend a considerable amount of time providing care. In this paper, we use Grossman's health production and Becker's time allocation models to develop a model of informal care provision to elderly dementia patients. In our model, time inputs produce caregiving services, which provides utility to the caregiver, but reduces leisure. We assume that time is less productive of services on the margin as the disease progresses. In this framework, an increase in patients' disease severity does not necessarily increase informal caregiver time input. The cost of formal care establishes a reservation price for informal caregiving. When the costs of informal caregiving rise above this reservation level, the patient is institutionalized. We test empirically the effect of deterioration in the patients' condition, proxied by both disease severity and dementia problem behavior, on informal caregiving time. We find that dementia-related problem behaviors and functional limitations significantly increase inputs of informal caregiving time. Patients' problem behavior exerts a modifying effect on functional limitations, and patients' comorbidities have no effect on informal caregiving time.     

毕业设计教学改革与实践的探索

随着教学改革的深入,提出了除学生不可选择性因素之外,要充分发挥指导教师的主导作用,首先选准选好毕业设计题目,加强计算机在毕业设计中的运用.走设计和实践相结合之路,在几个方面做好、做细毕业设计的改革工作.     

知识经济背景下高等教育改革

知识经济是以知识为基础,以科技为核心,以人力资源为依托,建立在知识的生产、创新、流通、分配和应用上的经济模式,同时又是信息化、网络化、创新化和智力化的新型经济形态.知识经济作为一个新经济形态,为高等教育提供了广阔的发展空间,知识经济的发展依赖于教育的发展.我们要注重教育方式的变革,提高学生对知识创新能力的培养,使学生具有独立获取知识的能力,具有开拓精神,使我们的高等教育培养出千千万万知识经济时代需要的高级人才.     

建国初期宜昌城资本主义工商业的社会主义改造论略

建国初期,我党对资本主义工商业的政策经历了利用、限制和改造的过程。宜昌城的资本主义工商业的社会主义改造就是过渡时期总路线在全国实施的一个缩影。结合当时的大背景论述了这一过程,并进行了反思,这对当前我们正确认识和利用资本主义经济成分发展社会主义具有一定的理论和现实意义。     

光源与照明专业人才培养

通过对国内外光源与照明行业发展现状的分析研究,结合该专业国内人才培养教育资源分布及该专业人才的需求状况.从如何有利于专业人才培养的角度出发,针对目前专业教育、教学中存在的实际问题,提出了一些改进建议.     

论石油存续企业的结构调整与优化改革的总体思路

石油存续企业的结构调整与优化，是当前石油企业深化改革的难点和重点问题。石油存续企业改革的核心应在明确定位的基础上，合理确定企业的主营业务与辅营业务，并以此为基础对现有的业务经营单位进行重组，最终对辅业经营单位进行结构调整和整合，实现企业的长期生存和发展。     

Efe fathers: one among many? A comparison of forager children's involvement with fathers and other males

The study reported describes Efe (pygmy) forager one-, two-, and three-year-olds' involvement with males. The Efe of northeastern Zaïre were chosen because their social organization allows us to examine hypotheses based on studies in Western, technologically complex societies about the distinctive role fathers play in the lives of their young children. Behavioral observations of Efe children's day-to-day activities with fathers, men and boys were recorded using a focal subject sampling technique (Altmann, 1974). Two behavioral measures were created to capture the extent to which males were involved with children: Social engagement describes males' involvement with children and social attention describes eavesdropping by children on males' everyday activities. Eight one-year-olds, 7 two-year-olds and 8 three-year-olds were each observed for six, one-hour observation sessions that were distributed evenly over the daylight hours. Data were analyzed using the traditional measure of involvement (e.g., adult males) and using a newly developed measure of the involvement of the average individual (e.g., average adult mate). Comparisons at each of the ages showed that fathers were consistently like other men in the extent to which children participated in social activities with them and watched their activities. Only fathers' level of social engagement declined significantly as children grew older. Boys' role relative to other males became increasingly distinctive as children aged. The findings suggest that Efe fathers may not be unique in the same sense assumed by Western study ideals, and raise questions about the special status given to fathers in Western theory and data. The patterning of mate involvement with children is discussed in terms of Efe community life, and in terms of Efe children's developing understanding of their relationship with fathers and other males.     

西法何以未能东鉴--庞德与中国近代的法律改革浅析

庞德作为中国近代被政府聘请的最后一位外国法律专家,被南京国民政府视为合适人选有其内在原因.庞德的社会学法学的理论、社会利益学说与国民政府的国家、社会本位论有相似之处.庞德在华担任司法部和教育部顾问期间对中国的法制建设及法学教育提出了诸多有见地的建议,但最终收效甚微.笔者认为,除了政局动荡、法制建设缺乏稳定的环境这一因素外,法律文化的不同、宪政运动的失败、司法独立精神的缺乏及社会结构的落后是使其改革建议无法有效实施的更深层次原因.在法制建设蓬勃发展的今天,庞德的改革建议仍有其进步意义,值得我们借鉴.     

Effects of Medicaid managed care policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system

Children in the child welfare system are dependent upon Medicaid to finance services for their considerable mental health needs. This study examines the effects of Medicaid policies on mental health service use among a national probability sample of children in the child welfare system. Data for this study came from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the Caring for Children in Child Welfare study, and the Area Resource File. Weighted multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate effects of policy variables on children's use of mental health services, controlling for child-level covariates and county-level health resources. Children in counties with behavioral carve-outs under Medicaid managed care had lower odds of inpatient mental health service use. Medicaid managed care enrollment and variations in type of provider reimbursement did not affect use of mental health services. Older age, greater need for mental health services, and higher levels of caregiver education were associated with increased odds of service use. Restrictions on use of inpatient mental healthcare caused by behavioral carve-outs may disproportionately affect children in the child welfare system who have high rates of such use. Careful adoption of carve-outs is necessary to assure appropriate care for these children.     

南非种族冲突的化解与现代化之路

南非种族隔离制度未能消弭种族间的尖锐矛盾,反而引发激烈的种族冲突。在镇压无法奏效的情况下,南非政府开始了民主改革的进程,历经沃斯特的政策调整、博塔的改革总战略和德克勒克的改革三个阶段,较成功地用民主改革的方式化解了南非的种族冲突,极大地推动了南非的现代化。南非民主改革和现代化进程表明:各种族间的宽容和解精神是南非民主改革取得成功的关键;种族关系应当建立在平等的基础之上;领袖人物的个人作用在此过程中相当突出和关键;民主与法制是现代化的根本保证;各种族文化应当兼容并蓄,全盘照搬和彻底排斥都是不可取的。