Final report of the Color Additive Scientific Review Panel

The Color Additives Scientific Review Panel considered whether there was information sufficient to perform a carcinogenic risk assessment on the colors D&C Red No. 19 (R-19), D&C Red No. 37 (R-37), D&C Orange No. 17 (O-17), D&C Red No. 9 (R-9), D&C Red No. 8 (R-8) and FD&C Red No. 3 (R-3) and to evaluate the assessments sent to FDA as part of the petitions for use of the colors for drug and external uses by the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA). There is a lack of human data concerning the colors for making a human health assessment, so the assessments are based upon the extrapolation of animal data. The risk assessments are determined for exposure to single chemicals. Excluded from consideration are possible effects from exposure to multiple chemicals, such as co-carcinogenesis, promotion, synergism, antagonism, etc. In the light of recent efforts in establishing a consensus in risk assessment, the Panel has determined that the CTFA assessments for R-10, O-17, and R-9 are consistent with present acceptable usages, although it questions some of the assumptions used in the assessments. The Panel identified a number of general assumptions made, and discusses their validity, their impact on total uncertainty, and the potential options to address the gaps in understanding that necessitate the assumption. The Panel also derived revised risk estimates using more "reasonable" assumptions than "worst-case" situations, for 90th percentile and average exposure. For those assumptions that are easily quantifiable, the Panel's estimates are less than an order of magnitude lower than the CTFA risk estimates, indicating that the underestimates and overestimates of the CTFA risk estimates tend to balance each other. The impact of most of the assumptions is not quantifiable. The assessment for R-3 is complicated by the fact that there is no good skin penetrance study for this color. It was assumed that the penetrance is similar to that of another water-soluble xanthene color, R-19. It is expected that the absorption of the color is not likely to exceed that of the smaller molecule, R-19. Therefore, the risk estimates are similar to the CTFA estimates, but with different reasoning. The estimates for R-8 and R-37 are different from the others in that there is a lack of any exposure or toxicological information on these colors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Decision Analysis and Risk Management Decision Making: Issues and Methods

This paper provides an overview of decision analysis and its use in risk management decision making. The paper discusses the distinctive characteristics of decision analysis and compares these characteristics with those of its principal alternative—cost–benefit analysis. The paper also discusses each of the steps in a decision analysis and the strengths and limitations of the method.     

多项目管理组织模式在大型企业技改活动中的应用探讨

项目管理技术已逐步形成一整套科学的理论原则和方法体系,在工业企业中也可得到广泛的应用。本文从项目管理的基本原理出发,针对大型企业技改活动的多项性和复杂性,根据实践工作中的一些经验摸索,初步探讨了多项目管理组织模式在大型企业技改活动中的应用。     

项目管理的多维结构体系

本文从时间、交付物、专业技术、管理职能等方面出发,尝试建立项目管理的多维结构体系。     

不完全竞争环境下不对称企业技术创新战略投资

研究了在不完全竞争环境下,投资成本差异和创新成功所需时间对企业的技术创新战略投资决策的影响,给出了抢先均衡、序贯均衡、同时均衡出现的条件,指出创新成功所需时间和投资成本差异是影响均衡类型的主要原因.在抢先均衡和序贯均衡中,分析了投资成本差异和创新成功所需时间对企业平均投资时间间隔的影响,得到了一些有意义的结论,并给出了经济解释.     

An overview of the Salmonella enteritidis risk assessment for shell eggs and egg products.

This article summarizes a quantitative microbial risk assessment designed to characterize the public health impact of consumption of shell eggs and egg products contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). This risk assessment's objectives were to: (1) establish the baseline risk of foodborne illness from SE, (2) identify and evaluate potential risk mitigation strategies, and (3) identify data gaps related to future research efforts. The risk assessment model has five modules. The Egg Production module estimates the number of eggs produced that are SE-contaminated. Shell Egg Processing, Egg Products Processing, and Preparation & Consumption modules estimate the increase or decrease in the numbers of SE organisms in eggs or egg products as they pass through storage, transportation, processing, and preparation. A Public Health Outcomes module then calculates the incidence of illnesses and four clinical outcomes, as well as the cases of reactive arthritis associated with SE infection following consumption. The baseline model estimates an average production of 2.3 million SE-contaminated shell eggs/year of the estimated 69 billion produced annually and predicts an average of 661,633, human illnesses per year from consumption of these eggs. The model estimates approximately 94% of these cases recover without medical care, 5% visit a physician, an additional 0.5% are hospitalized, and 0.05% result in death. The contribution of SE from commercially pasteurized egg products was estimated to be negligible. Five mitigation scenarios were selected for comparison of their individual and combined effects on the number of human illnesses. Results suggest that mitigation in only one segment of the farm-to-table continuum will be less effective than several applied in different segments. Key data gaps and areas for future research include the epidemiology of SE on farms, the bacteriology of SE in eggs, human behavior in food handling and preparation, and human responses to SE exposure.     

群决策中基于语言信息处理的一种理想点法

针对具有自然语言评价信息的多指标群决策问题,提出了一种基于语言信息处理的理想点法。该方法是采用近年来最新发展的LWD算子和LOWA算子对自然语言符号进行处理和运算,通过计算每个方案与正负理想点间的距离,最终确定最优方案,使该方案最贴近正理想点和最远离负理想点。最后给出了一个算例。     

论经济增长速度和经济效益

经济增长速度和经济效益是两个不同但又相互密切联系的概念。经济增长是长、短两个不同时期的新增产值的对比,而经济效益则涉及不同时期的利润与总成本的对比。在长期中,经济效益是经济保持一定增长速度的基础,因为经济的长期增长取决于利润持续转化为投资,而只有不断改善经济结构、提高技术水平和产品档次,才能有高利润率（高效益）,才能有持续的新增投资,并取得理想的增长速度。但是在短期内,没有速度就一定没有效益,因为成本刚性在短期里难以克服。在剩余劳动力较多的国家,保持一定的经济增长速度也是取得社会效益的前提。中国的国情决定了中国必须在提高技术水平和广泛利用劳动力之间达到有效的协调。     

内陆山区中小学教师心理健康观及心理健康教育观的调查报告

运用问卷调查法调查内陆山区中小学教师的心理健康观和心理健康教育观,结果发现：（１）他们已经具备现代健康观念,能够认识到心理健康对现代人全面发展的重要性;（２）他们对心理健康标准、影响心理健康的因素以及心理健康维护方法的认识接近心理学家的认识;（３）多数教师对自己心理健康状态评价良好;（４）多数教师能够认识到学生的孤僻、违纪和攻击行为与心理因素有关;（５）落后地区中小学开展心理健康教育的认识条件已经成熟。