波利比乌斯论撰史中的“失真”问题

鉴于晚近以来希腊史学的现实情势,波利比乌斯以各个阶段代表史家的创作实践为例,通过史评方式详尽考察了历史写作中的诸多“失真”问题。依据“失真”的不同界定、表现和原因,主要包括四个层面：缺乏军政实践与直观调研,缺乏基本的史识素养,缺乏客观公允的叙事立场,偏重艺术审美而以辞害意。波氏就相关论题的批判性探究不仅有助于阐释《历史》写作的题旨、方法,而且也在一定程度上映射了城邦危机背景下古希腊史学的流变轨迹与发展动向,特别是“求真务实”优良传统的式微。     

传统伦理视域中的父子关系——构建支撑和谐社会的父子关系(上)

传统父子伦理关系在诸多封建伦理关系中的凸显经历了漫长的演变过程,它是封建社会秩序文化自觉的必然产物。父子伦理是双向度的伦理体系,既包括慈父伦理又包括孝子伦理,慈父伦理有父义母慈、正身率下、端蒙重教、爱子有道等,孝子伦理有养亲、尊亲、谏亲、显亲、继亲、祭亲等。     

《拯救溺水鱼》的空间重构

谭恩美的小说《拯救溺水鱼》是一部另类作品,将作品纳入到布里尔·佐伦的空间叙事框架的考量中,是一种新的探索与尝试。谭恩美以独到的笔法建构出作品的地志空间、时空体空间、文本空间：空间旅行的表层环形结构与内嵌的标志性“亚空间”单位构建多层次空间图像,实现主题观照;“幽灵”叙事,虚实辗转,营构时空体;文本设置中的情节并置、闪回、碎片独白打破时序园囿,突破读者感知限制,创设文本重构空间。这些特点充分展示了作者的空间书写策略,体现了谭恩美对传统写作的超越与独特的文学追求。     

革命历史剧：集体记忆的影像建构

革命历史剧是一种独特的大众文化现象,是集体记忆的影像载体。革命历史剧的流行是现实社会语境下官方意志和民众心态的不谋而合。在当下社会大众传播语境中,革命历史剧从叙事框架、人物塑造和细节描摹的三个层面进行流行式的文本创新,迎合观众对不同时空历史情境的参与渴求,从而凝聚共识,达成集体认同,完成主流意识形态的传播。     

古地图:见证中国地理大发现——以中国的天文观测与地图测绘技术为依据

通过对《山海经》、《梁书·诸夷列传》等古籍记载的扶桑国、女国、毗骞国等古国地望的考证,以及对唐代《华夷图》、元代《东南海夷图》和《西南海夷图》、明代《内板山海舆地全图》及清代《大清统属职贡万国经纬地球式》等古地图的地图投影方式进行研究,清晰再现了中国古代发现世界和测绘世界地图的历史脉络。本文认为,中国古代的地理发现范围广阔、领先世界,在1375—1392年期间采用先进的横轴等距方位投影绘制了精确而完整的世界地图。从古地图中不仅破解了困扰地图学1000多年的谜题,而且见证了中国地理大发现——中国发现世界——并非传说。     

Polygynists and Their Wives in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Analysis of Five Demographic and Health Surveys

Differential polygyny in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Uganda, and Zambia is investigated using individual-level Demographic and Health Surveys data. As well as contrasting polygynists' first wives with women in monogamous unions, the analysis distinguishes higher-order wives from first wives. This permits study of the determinants of the prevalence and intensity of polygyny respectively. Polygyny and other aspects of marriage interlock in very similar ways in all five countries. Individuals' experience of polygyny tends to reflect their luck in the marriage market rather than their socio-economic characteristics. While polygyny is less prevalent in urban areas, other socio-economic factors are important only in Kenya and Zambia, the two countries where less than 25 per cent of married women are in polygynous unions. The prevalence and intensity of polygyny are negatively associated. Thus, any drop in the prevalence of polygyny in Africa may be accompanied by a rise in the number of wives per polygynist.     

Long-term effects of childbearing on mortality: Evidence from pre-industrial Sweden

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of childbearing history on later-life mortality for ever-married men and women using historical micro-level data of high quality for southern Sweden. The analysis uses a Cox proportional hazards model, estimating the effects on old-age mortality of number of births and timing of first and last births. By studying the effects of previous childbearing on mortality by sex and social status, we also gain important insights into the mechanisms relating childbearing to mortality in old age. The results show that number of children ever born had a statistically significant negative impact on longevity after age 50 for females but not for males. Analysis by social group shows that only landless women experienced higher mortality from having more children, which seems to indicate that the main explanations are to be found in social or economic conditions specific to females, rather than in the strictly biological or physiological effects of childbearing.     

The measurement of historical trends in fetal mortality in England and Wales

This paper critically discusses recent attempts to estimate long-term trends in the stillbirth rate for England and Wales. It assesses the available historical evidence for the level of late-fetal mortality, drawing especially on examples from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. A theoretical fetal–infant life table for a high-mortality population is also outlined as a means of analysing the relationship between segments of the conception-to-first-birthday mortality curve. Finally, new estimates of the stillbirth rate for England and Wales are proposed, based on variations in the early neonatal and maternal mortality rates during the 1930s. These estimates are substantially lower than the earlier estimates and are more in keeping with the available evidence from northern Europe. The implications of the revised estimates for interpretations of historical changes in mortality patterns are also considered.     

中国共产党党性教育的主要历史经验

对自己的成员加强党性教育,是中国共产党的优良传统和政治优势。在长期的党性教育实践中,中国共产党积累了丰富的经验：以发展的马克思主义为指导,牢牢把握党性教育的方向性;服从和服务于党的工作大局,始终注重党性教育的现实性;立足于解决党内的重要问题,努力增强党性教育的针对性;坚持理论教育与实践相结合,不断强调党性教育的实践性;正面教育与自我反思相结合,严格遵循党性教育的规律性。这些历史经验,对加强和改进当前的党性教育工作,仍有许多重要的启示。     

近五年赋体文学与小说关系研究述评

赋体文学与小说两种文体在发展过程中相互渗透和影响.近五年来,研究者们对赋体文学的客主问答叙事体、反复敷陈的铺叙手法、“遂客主以首引”的结构方式以及“卒章显志”的讽喻功能及题材等方面与小说之间的联系进行了深入的探讨,尤其探讨了俗赋中存在的叙事要素与小说的关系.同时认为古代小说中赋作的出现,不仅拓展了小说的叙事模式,而且丰富了小说的表现手法.赋与小说关系的研究正在逐渐成为新的学术研究热点,但很大程度上还缺乏理论引导,很多研究者并没有找到适合中国古代叙事文学传统的理论,因此在研究深度上还有欠缺.