Implications of urbanism for the use of local news media: effects of population concentration on types of news acquisition in Japan

The Internet, a global computer network enabling people to send and receive information anywhere in the world, also functions as a local medium of communication. This study focuses on the role of the Internet in transmitting local news and examines the effects of community population concentrations as socio-ecological environments on the use of local news media consumed online and offline. Data from 1367 respondents across 156 Japanese communities were used to analyze the relationships between type of community and type of news source. The findings suggest that people who live in highly populated communities tend more often to use the Internet to access local news, whereas those in less populated communities tend to use more traditional mass media. However, the results of this study did not show a relationship between population concentrations within communities and the acquisition of international news, nor did the social features of residents adequately explain the effects of population concentration on the acquisition of local news. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions based on network externalities, urbanism, and collective action. The findings indicate that local news consumption is embedded in local social contexts in a way that international news is not, reinforcing the importance of urbanism in the information age.     

我国山地旅游地景区饭店能耗的影响因素

随着旅游业的兴起，旅游与能源的关系越来越紧张，威胁着旅游的可持续发展。从能源的角度进行分析，认为饭店规模、饭店海拔高度、各种能源成本、能源多样性、能源政策、山地主要旅游活动是影响山地旅游地景区饭店能耗的主要因素，并提出通过建立饭店能源管理体系、调整能源使用结构、提高木材等能源的利用效率、加强政府的宏观调控与能源引导消费、分散山地旅游季节分布、培养专业节能管理人才等措施，推进山地旅游地景区饭店的可持续发展。     

基于弹性定额理论的建筑能耗定额方法研究

论述了能耗定额的概念及意义,通过对能耗定额方法的研究,可以促进建筑的合理用能,能进一步推动我国节能减排事业的发展。分析了国内目前的几种能耗定额方法,提出了基于弹性定额理论的能耗定额方法,该方法能够鼓励能耗的降低,抑制能耗的增加;弹性能耗定额理论简单明了,易于国家调控政策的实施。     

基于基尼系数的中国居民电力消费公平性研究

为深入分析中国居民电力消费的公平性问题,计算2000-2011年中国居民电力消费的基尼系数,结果表明:全国、城乡和区域居民电力消费均已达到非常公平水平,且全国、城乡和区域居民电力消费基尼系数呈现出逐年下降的趋势.此外,由于中国各地区经济发展水平、人口规模等差异客观存在,相关部门须结合各地区的实际情况来制定电力相关政策.     

Variability in food consumption rate of natural populations in the spider,Nephila clavata

Summary Mean daily food consumption and total lifetime food consumption of the spider,Nephila clavata, were estimated in natural populations. Daily food consumption in the late adult stage was 27–150 mg wet weight, which was nearly equivalent or slightly larger than that in other large web-building spiders. Considerable variation in food consumption was found among habitats or years. The largest variation among habitats in the same year was 7 and 5 fold for daily and lifetime consumption, respectively, while that among years in the same habitat was 3.5 and 2.5 for daily and lifetime consumption, respectively. Feeding conditions evaluated from the food consumption per body weight of spiders declined during the period from mid-July to mid-September in almost all the populations, which suggested that they faced to severe food limitation in this period.     

中国农村家庭老年人来自孩子的经济收入分析

提出了一个农村老年人来自孩子的经济收入(支持)理论函数,阐明家庭养老与孩子规模和孩子质量关系。并利用调查获得的实际数据予以检验和证实。     

The effects of gender control on fertility and children's consumption

Effects of sex preference on investments in children‘s human capital, bequests and fertility are studied, with and without sex selection, in a model based on parental altruism. Both pure sex preference, a feature of the parental utility function, and indirect preference, which arises from gender-related differences in earnings opportunities, are examined. When there is no gender control the impact of pure sex preference is seen in smaller consumption for daughters than for sons. However, when gender control is exerted, sex preference raises the sex ratio and it is possible that sisters may, on average, consume no less than their more numerous brothers. In an example of the model with specific functional forms, parents who practise gender control have larger families than if sex selection techniques were unavailable. The effect is magnified if sons‘ earnings opportunities are better than daughters‘. JEL classification: D11, J13, J16 Received August 31, 1995 / Accepted May 2, 1996     

Does the Completeness of a Household-Based Convoy Matter in Intergenerational Support Exchanges?

Based on the closeness of kinship relationships, a 4-layer household-based convoy is proposed for the study of intergenerational support exchanges. It first separates co-residing family members from non-coresiding family members with whom they have frequent contact and places them in the innermost and next-innermost circles of an individual’s convoy structure, respectively. Relatives and friends with whom there is frequent contact are then added as the third and outer-most circles. In principle, it is ideal to have a full four layers. However, in reality, most people miss one or more layers during the different stages of the life cycle. A probability sample with 1979 cases is used to investigate the effect of convoy incompleteness on intergenerational support exchanges. The research findings show that missing any one layer and missing both the third and fourth layers do not result in a significantly negative effect on the mean types of support exchanged. When individual types of support are examined one by one, the convoy structure works similarly but selectively. It works best for types of support involving more labor costs, less for those involving financial support, and least for those involving advice. In addition, it is noted that a multiple exchange strategy is used in intergenerational support exchanges.     

广东家庭户规模与家庭生命周期变化特点

本文分析广东省家庭户的规模和结构变化 ,以及广东家庭生命周期的形成、扩展、稳定、收缩、空巢和解体等六个阶段的新特点。这些变化和特点将对广东的经济发展产生深远的影响。     

Endogenous fertility in a model with non-dynastic parental altruism

A model of fertility choice is studied in which the utility of parents depends on how much they consume, on how many children they have and on the consumption of their children. Hence, parents are altruistic towards their children, but in a more limited sense than in the much discussed dynastic fertility model presented by Becker and Barro (1988). The concept of a (subgame perfect) bequest equilibrium is used to solve the non-dynastic model considered here. The steady state birth rate is lower in the non-dynastic model than in the Becker-Barro model. However, the key qualitative predictions concerning the dynamic behavior of fertility are strikingly similar in both models. JEL classification: J13, J11, D90. Received August 17, 1995/Accepted October 20, 1996