论我国古代技术创新主体

我国古代技术创新的核心主体是工匠,其承担着技术发明、创新和推广的重要职责。随着技术创新活动的历史演进,在工匠技术创新活动的基础上并以工匠活动为中心相继出现了家庭手工业作坊、私营手工业作坊、手工工场等从事技术创新活动的主体,这些主体在一定程度上克服了工匠主体活动的局限性。工匠主体与这些主体之间并不是简单地以一种单一主体去取代另一种主体,使前一种主体在古代技术创新的舞台中隐退。在我国古代社会的不同历史阶段,这些主体以交叉并存的方式存在。     

农户借款的供求约束及解除

我国的农村金融改革一直是政府导向的,包括现在进行的农村信用社改革。农村金融改革应充分考虑到农村经济主体对资金的需求特征,只有这样,才不致于出现供给缺位和需求得不到满足的情况。因此,研究我国农村中最大的经济主体———农户与正规金融机构之间的借款行为,通过对借贷双     

农户防范返贫:应该更关注人力资本还是社会资本?

基于部分中国家庭追踪调查微观数据,利用多维返贫测算方法识别返贫农户,实证检验了人力资本和社会资本在农户防范返贫中的效应和机制。研究发现:(1)人力资本和社会资本均是防范农户多维返贫的重要因素,但从返贫效应的视角看,人力资本防范返贫的影响更大,是巩固拓展农村脱贫攻坚成果的关键资本。(2)机制分析中,人力资本能发挥迁移效应,通过劳动力流动的部分中介作用防范农户返贫,而社会资本能发挥信息获取和抵押品效应,通过创业的部分中介作用防范农户返贫。(3)人力资本降低了农户在收入、医疗、生活维度的返贫发生概率,社会资本则降低了收入、医疗维度的返贫发生概率。(4)两类资本的防范返贫效应存在区域差异,人力资本显著降低东部和西部农户返贫发生概率,而社会资本显著降低了东部和中部农户返贫发生概率。     

立案登记制改革:理论基础、运行困境与路径优化

2015年5月1日起中国正式实施立案登记制,将案件受理制度由审查制改为登记制,这符合当事人诉权保障的趋势和需求.立案登记制具备诉权保障的功能,可以多维度地践行诉权保障理念,但同时也带来了实践中的滥诉和法院案件数剧增等现实挑战.司法权的属性决定了司法的有限性,其不能解决所有社会纠纷.当立案登记制给审判实践带来的挑战遭遇司法有限性时,势必出现一定程度的冲突.为了平衡这种冲突,需从以下方面进一步优化立案登记制的改革路径:明确立案过程中登记与审查的关系;制定和实施受案范围的负面清单;健全减少需求供给的配套措施;推进立案环节案件的甄别分流;构建滥诉的惩治与防范机制;减少非司法负担对法官职业化的影响.     

Intergenerational Mobility Modes and Changes in Social Class in Contemporary China

Using data from three China General Social Surveys, this paper analyzes changes in the basic situation of intergenerational mobility among social classes in China over the past 60 years. General social mobility was found to have increased, but social openness tended to show a wave-like pattern of change. Despite this, intergenerational inheritance was the main form of intergenerational mobility in every period. With the transformation of the socioeconomic system, the main mechanism of social exclusion changed from “systemic exclusion” to “market exclusion,” leading to changes in the structure of social opportunity. As a result, the form taken by intergenerational mobility varied significantly. This is chiefly evident in the gradual decline in the dominance of intergenerational inheritance among particular strata, with cross-class cyclical mobility becoming more difficult. On the one hand, changes in the social exclusion mechanism may increase social openness, making society more dynamic and strengthening social legitimacy. On the other hand, as the dominant class learns how to use market exclusion to achieve class reproduction, class solidification may still be possible in a future Chinese society.     

Application of a QMRA Framework to Inform Selection of Drinking Water Interventions in the Developing Context

The aim of this study was to develop a modified quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) framework that could be applied as a decision support tool to choose between alternative drinking water interventions in the developing context. The impact of different household water treatment (HWT) interventions on the overall incidence of diarrheal disease and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) was estimated, without relying on source water pathogen concentration as the starting point for the analysis. A framework was developed and a software tool constructed and then implemented for an illustrative case study for Nepal based on published scientific data. Coagulation combined with free chlorine disinfection provided the greatest estimated health gains in the short term; however, when long‐term compliance was incorporated into the calculations, the preferred intervention was porous ceramic filtration. The model demonstrates how the QMRA framework can be used to integrate evidence from different studies to inform management decisions, and in particular to prioritize the next best intervention with respect to estimated reduction in diarrheal incidence. This study only considered HWT interventions; it is recognized that a systematic consideration of sanitation, recreation, and drinking water pathways is important for effective management of waterborne transmission of pathogens, and the approach could be expanded to consider the broader water‐related context.     

Exclusion and vulnerability on public transit: experiences of transit dependent riders in Portland,Oregon

In urban areas, the inequitable distribution of transit systems and services has been shown to reproduce safety and environmental risks – potentially exacerbating preexisting inequities. Thus, how vulnerable populations access and utilize public transportation is of critical concern to urban scholars. This paper utilizes focus group data to explore how transit-dependent (particularly low-income) riders engage with the public transit system in Portland, Oregon. We illustrate specific ways in which transit-dependent riders experience marginalization and exclusion. We find that certain groups, particularly mothers with young children and those with disabilities are not well served by a public infrastructure oriented toward an ‘ideal rider’ who is an economically stable, able-bodied, white, male commuter. We conclude that a public infrastructure meant to serve all riders equitably, yet which fails to consider the unique experiences of marginalized transit users risks further amplifying existing social vulnerabilities and reinforcing gender, racial, and class inequalities.     

我国物权法中的不动产登记制度

不动产登记是各国物权立法中一项极为重要的内容，我国的物权法对于物权变动公示方法之一的不动产登记制度做出了明确规定，这些规定不仅保持了现行有关不动产登记制度的稳定性和连续性，而且根据现实需要创设了一些适应社会需求的制度，呈现出一定的创新性。从不动产登记的概念、性质出发，介绍了我国物权法关于此制度存在的一些不足，并提出相关的完善建议。     

Time‐Space Distanciation: An Interdisciplinary Account of How Culture Shapes the Implicit and Explicit Psychology of Time and Space

The growing body of research on temporal and spatial experience lacks a comprehensive theoretical approach. Drawing on Giddens’ framework, we present time‐space distanciation (TSD) as a construct for theorizing the relations between culture, time, and space. TSD in a culture may be understood as the extent to which (1) time and space are abstracted as separate dimensions and (2) activities are extended and organized across time and space. After providing a historical account of its development, we outline a multi‐level conceptualization of TSD supported by research on cultural differences in the experience of time and space. We impact this conceptualization by examining two ethnographic case studies. We conclude by highlighting future research directions. TSD is an integrative, interdisciplinary, multi level construct with the potential to guide the burgeoning social science of time and space.     

农民社会阶层越高越幸福吗?——基于CGSS 2010-2015年数据的微观分析

针对农民社会阶层与幸福感问题，通过分析2010-2015年“中国综合社会调查”数据，采用有序响应Logit模型估计，实证检验了农民社会阶层定位的幸福效应。研究发现，农民社会阶层定位存在幸福效应，社会阶层定位越高的农民，其幸福感越强；进一步区域比较发现，此幸福效应在经济发达地区最为显著；而户籍比较发现，农民社会阶层定位的幸福效应低于城镇居民；但从发展趋势来看，农民社会阶层定位的幸福效应较10年前有所增强，且农民对社会阶层定位有较为乐观的预期。据此提出，民生建设中重视农民的发展诉求和精神需求，融通农民社会阶层上升的渠道，从而提高农民幸福感，保障农民公平共享社会发展的成果。