Listen to the Elders: Design Guidelines for Affordable Multifamily Housing for the Elderly Based on Their Experiences

There is an increasing demand for affordable multifamily housing for a rapidly growing population of ethnic elders. Using the lived experiences of Korean American elders currently residing in affordable housing in the Midwest as one such example, this study seeks to develop design guidelines to meet the specific living needs and desires of this aging population. Verified against well-established building standards and accepted guidelines, these design recommendations lay the groundwork for multifamily housing that will assist elders to age in place in safer, healthier and happier environments.     

Crisis of Natural Building Materials and Institutionalised Self-Help Housing: The Case of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh

Traditional rural housing is largely based on the use of locally available natural resources as prime building materials, usually in a process of self-help building undertaken by the community. Such housing is well adapted to a natural environment with widely available resources, and supports people's direct involvement in the construction of their dwellings. However, the advent of a cash economy and current scarcity of natural resources has greatly affected the self-help building process. In rural Bangladesh, affluent households are shifting to manufactured materials and skilled builders, and the quality of housing of low-income households is declining. For the latter, self-help is the only option, and recognition of this fact and of the increasing decline in the quality of their housing has prompted institutional intervention. This paper discusses the Grameen Bank's rural housing programme in Bangladesh which provides loans for manufactured building components for low-income rural households to build houses on a self-help basis. A review of this programme indicates some of its strengths and shortcomings in the context of scarcity of natural building materials and widespread poverty.     

Profiles of Housing Cost Burden in the United States

In this study, the ordered logistic regression model indicates that renters suffer a greater housing cost burden than homeowners and that the lower the income of the household, the larger the portion of income that is spent for housing. Further, the model also shows that the burden of high housing costs falls disproportionately on certain groups of American households. Compared to the reference group, two single-risk groups (Asian-American households and households with three or more children) and two dual-risk groups (female-headed households with three or more children and minority households with three or more children) tend to have a higher risk of excessive housing costs. Elderly households and three elderly-related groups (female-headed elderly households, minority elderly households, and female-headed minority elderly households), however, tend to have a lower risk of housing cost burden than other households. The housing cost burden of the reference group is comparable to the housing cost burden of each of the following groups: for single female-headed households; Black households; Hispanic households; and female-headed minority households. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the paper.     

提高进城农民购房能力的有效举措——农村宅基地退出与城市购房相挂钩

以人为核心的新型城镇化,关键要解决进城农民在城市的住房问题,因此,创新体制和机制以帮助进城农民在城市拥有自住房,使其真正融入城市、安居乐业,是新型城镇化进程中不可回避的重要现实问题。面对城镇化过程中农民无力购买城市住房而其农村宅基地闲置浪费的现实背景,提出了进城农民宅基地退出与城市购房相挂钩的构想,以期引导进城农民积极有序地退出宅基地,提高农村宅基地的节约和集约利用率,同时解决进城农民的城市住房及房地产库存问题。在界定宅基地退出与城市购房相挂内涵的基础上,提出了解决该问题的具体思路,并剖析了目前面临的三大问题和障碍：第一,进城农民宅基地退出资产的保值增值与收益分配问题;第二,退出的宅基地与期望购买经济适用房所在城市的不一致问题;第三,购买经济适用房面临的支付能力不足问题。最后,针对性提出了通过出租、招拍挂、复垦等途径盘活退出的宅基地资产,实行保障房指标地域政策限制与经济适用房市场交易相结合,合理的宅基地退出补偿标准、住房供应模式创新与土地承包经营权抵押相结合等对策与建议。     

房价与产业结构、城乡收入差距间的互动规律

为厘清房价与产业结构、城乡收入差距之间的互动关系,判断三者关系中所蕴含的矛盾、问题,构建了一个基于2001—2015年省级面板数据的PVAR模型。通过该模型的估计、脉冲响应分析和方差分解,发现：从全国总体情况来看,房价有利于提升产业结构层次,但也造成城乡收入差距扩大,后者又会对房价和产业结构升级产生负面作用;在东部地区,房价和产业结构层次之间呈相互的正向促进关系,房价上涨也能导致城乡收入差距扩大,不过东部产业结构的升级又会缩小城乡收入差距;在中部地区,房价上涨会降低产业结构层次并扩大城乡收入差距,而城乡收入差距扩大又会对房价带来较明显的抑制作用;在西部地区,房价上涨有利于提高产业结构层次,但其幅度相对不足,进一步地,西部产业结构的升级却会扩大城乡收入差距,城乡收入差距的扩大又会直接抑制产业结构层次的提高。     

个人住房抵押贷款的政策性担保与制度构建

政府为个人住房抵押贷款提供担保是政府对住房和住房金融市场进行间接干预和调节、保障中低收入者住房权利的重要手段,其目的在于以政府信用增强、补充和提升中低收入者的信用,改善和调节住房金融市场的交易条件,鼓励和引导金融机构向中低收入者发放高比例的个人住房抵押贷款。发展个人住房抵押贷款政策性担保,应高度重视和防范住房市场本身的风险、借款人的信用风险和贷款人的道德风险。     

农民工住房态势及其政策框架

解决农民工住房问题对于我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。现阶段,农民工住房供给总体处于政府失灵和市场失灵并存的状态。解决农民工住房问题,应在遵循相应基本原则和总体思路的基础上,建立＂四位一体＂的住房保障体系,规范农民工住房租赁市场,完善农民工住房公积金制度、农民工住房补贴制度、财税支持制度、金融服务制度、土地供应制度和规划保障制度。解决农民工住房问题对于我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。现阶段,农民工住房供给总体处于政府失灵和市场失灵并存的状态。解决农民工住房问题,应在遵循相应基本原则和总体思路的基础上,建立＂四位一体＂的住房保障体系,规范农民工住房租赁市场,完善农民工住房公积金制度、农民工住房补贴制度、财税支持制度、金融服务制度、土地供应制度和规划保障制度。     

城中村更新住房补偿基底选取及村民政策满意度研究

地方政府及开发商权衡城中村更新的经济成本后形成以家庭人口或农房初始 面积为基底的补偿策略.两类补偿分别侧重村民的成员权和住房资产累积量,相对获益群 体及村民政策满意度存在分化,识别其差异及关联性可为缓解补偿纠纷及后续政策优化提 供参考.本文在武汉市开展城中村更新的典型调查,比较住房补偿基底选取对村民住房资 产及政策满意度的影响.研究表明:(１)按家庭人口补偿的村民家庭户均还建住房较初始农 房面积减少１２９．８０m２,而按住房初始面积还建的村民家庭住房面积与更新前变化不大,仅 减少１４．７４m２.(２)按人口补偿城中村更新还建后村民家庭之间的住房资产趋近,相对剥 夺指数从０．４１降至０．１０;按住房面积补偿的城中村村民的住房资产相对剥夺指数则从０．５１ 提升到更新后的０．５４,家庭之间的住房资产差距略有增强.(３)按人口补偿使城中村原农房 面积低于４００m２ 的村民家庭住房面积有较大增加,其政策满意度高;而按住房初始面积还 建的城中村,原农房面积在２００m２ 以下的村民家庭相对受损,还建后住房资产相对剥夺指 数增加,其政策满意度低.(４)人口补偿方案考虑到原农房面积较低家庭宅基地的空间发展 权,同时避免对抢建加盖等形成的超额面积过度补偿;按住房初始面积补偿则有利于原农房 面积较大的村民家庭,但忽略了原农房面积较少家庭参与城中村更新宅基地增值收益分配 的权利.关键词 城     

Good Country Living? Exploring Four Housing Outcomes Among Poor Appalachians

In the wake of welfare reform, many poor people have exhausted their benefits and must now live with less government support. While all of these former welfare recipients are struggling, some are experiencing housing problems that are quite severe. This article uses survey data on former welfare recipients who have used up the maximum time limits for receiving welfare to better understand three core explanations for rural housing problems among the poor: community, individual, and family factors. We estimate models to weigh the relative effects of these factors on the likelihood of experiencing several housing outcomes, finding that rural location is the most consistent predictor of housing outcomes, predicting home ownership, and whether families reside in low‐quality housing. We also find that individual and family factors affect the type of housing one has. We conclude that housing policies must be tailored to improve specific housing outcomes.     

不断完善住房制度,努力构建有中国特色的住房保障体系

我国住房保障体系主要解决老百姓＂住有所居＂的问题,关键要在不同时间段使老百姓的住房条件适应社会发展的要求。要达到这个目标,需要不断完善住房制度改革。总体上,低收入者要有社会保障,中、高收入者要走商品化道路,中等偏下这一块要有政府支持,如发展公共租赁房,在房价上涨较快的地区增加限价商品房供应,通过三个不同的层次来达到老百姓＂住有所居＂的目标,构建有中国特色的住房保障体系。