人道主义干预:国际政治中的理想与现实

人道主义干预是国际政治中一个频繁出现的现象。人道主义干预以人权以及对人权的保护作为其伦理基础 ,但国际政治中现实的干预却更经常地表现出政治干预的特征 ,并由此而使人道主义干预超过其干预限度 ,异化为侵略乃至殖民化 ;同时 ,人道主义干预不仅引发了有关人权与主权关系的争论 ,它所产生的后果也往往与干预的理想目标相左。因此 ,干预还是不干预是国际政治中一个重要的伦理问题和现实问题     

论村上春树后期作品中的荒诞意义

日本当代作家村上春树在其众多的作品中，为我们揭示了在后消费时代中，现代青年的孤独、迷失、绝望的精神状态。在村上春树的几部作品中，以荒诞的手法指出人类的生存现状，更是蕴含着作家的人道主义精神。     

“保护的责任”的运用及扩散——以规范的发展过程为中心

当今国际社会从未停止过对人权和主权之间张力的反思,"保护的责任"这一概念应运而生。这一尚待完善的概念得到了国际社会和国际法以及国际关系学者的关注和讨论。以国际关系规范理论为基础,可以分析"保护的责任"这一概念的产生和发展成为国际社会一个新规范的过程。本文以中国为例,考察了"保护的责任"在中国扩散的原因以及中国如何灵活地处理这一规范与"不干涉主义"之间产生的张力。由此分析可得,国际规范的创制和扩散是国际社会与个别国家之间互动的结果,而在这一过程中国家本身对规范背后的价值认可至关重要。     

论第三代诗歌的崇高美

将＂反崇高＂认定为第三代诗歌的主要特征其实是一种严重的误读。在第三代诗人以冷抒情的笔调对世俗生活的描写和他们极具个性化的生命意识里,同样包含有他们对历史、现实、人性深刻的思考,仍然洋溢着忧患意识与拯救意识相交织的崇高。这种崇高包孕在壮美图景的描绘、＂凡俗＂生活的展示、神性写作的坚守中,体现在对刚毅人格的阐扬、对不幸生命的悲悯、对永恒精神的仰望。     

国际人道主义法与现代战争

在近期爆发的美、英对伊拉克战争中 ,“注重人道主义保护 ,防止人道主义灾难的发生”是联合国安理会及国际舆论对交战双方的一致要求。国际人道主义法成为战争中世界各国评判交战双方军事行动性质的主要依据 ,在现代战争中发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。战争孕育了国际人道主义法 ,国际人道主义法在现代战争中迅速发展 ,又反作用于战争 ,制约着交战双方的行为 ,影响着现代战争发展的方向。     

With the Best of Intentions

Abstract

Charities and humanitarian organisations in Singapore that were involved in post-Tsunami relief and reconstruction work are repeatedly queried by volunteers, donors, and journalists. The world has pledged and donated billions to Tsunami relief and reconstruction, and I have personally given money to Singapore charities. Why do I still read about needy people in temporary shelters? Where has the money gone? Another question reflects similar sentiments of puzzlement, even frustration: I am moved by the devastation and would like to help by volunteering my time and expertise. I have signed up to volunteer with several humanitarian organisations. I am highly qualified and could help people. Why am I still not sent overseas?

These are good questions that deserve solid answers. This article discusses the latest thinking in relief circles as to which volunteers are best sent overseas and how donations can most responsibly be used for effective and sustainable reconstruction. The authors draw on Singapore's experience with providing relief in the aftermath of the Tsunami along with Dr. Tay Keong Tan's observations of relief and rehabilitation efforts in the Tsunami-affected areas of Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The article finds that volunteering requires much more than just a giving heart. Also, donations may be used most effectively by thinking long-term rather than just short-term. Further, donations are best administered in a way coordinated with local relief plans and in consultation with local people. The article closes by considering lessons for volunteers, donors, and humanitarian relief agencies from the Tsunami's aftermath.     

莫言:与历史隔空对视 对苦难深情悲悯

近现代民族历史的文学叙事,往往受制于作家意识形态的制约,这种制约表现为作家对现实政治需要的应答,但莫言以超越阶级、党派的胸襟与视角,秉持悲悯精神与人道观念,在民族与阶级情感的纠结中,切入对人性与历史的考察,并通过文本重构桎梏中的历史叙事,还原历史现场应有的丰厚、复杂与模糊。其作品从民间获取话语资源,出离了高度组织化的历史形态,展现出一种富有时代精神的鲜活的历史观念。     

必须重视和加强理工科大学生人文素质教育

理工科大学生的人文素质状况与新时期的人才要求不相适应 ,加强他们的人文素质教育迫在眉睫 ,具有十分重要而深远的意义。全面阐述当前应进一步重视和加强理工科大学生人文素质教育 ,并提出在实践中要注重向综合化方向发展 ,将第一课堂和第二课堂的素质教育有机结合起来。     

Humanitarian Funding in a Multi‐Donor Market with Donation Uncertainty

This study analyzes the trade‐off between funding strategies and operational performance in humanitarian operations. If a Humanitarian Organization (HO) offers donors the option of earmarking their donations, HO should expect an increase in total donations. However, earmarking creates constraints in resource allocation that negatively affect HO's operational performance. We study this trade‐off from the perspective of a single HO that maximizes its expected utility as a function of total donations and operational performance. HO implements disaster response and development programs and it operates in a multi‐donor market with donation uncertainty. Using a model inspired by Scarf's minimax approach and the newsvendor framework, we analyze the strategic interaction between HO and its donors. The numerical section is based on real data from 15 disasters during the period 2012–2013. We find that poor operational performance has a larger effect on HO's utility function when donors are more uncertain about HO's expected needs for disaster response. Interestingly, increasing the public awareness of development programs helps HO to get more non‐earmarked donations for disaster response. Increasing non‐earmarked donations improves HO's operational efficiency, which mitigates the impact of donation uncertainty on HO's utility function.