人道主义思想家的特质与高度——再论历史境遇中的本真鲁迅

在现代学史上,从化视域对中国社会深刻体认,对国人心态的独到感知,最具穿透力的莫过于鲁迅。他透过庸懒沉滞的物化世态层面．洞察了国人人性荒寒、灵魂愚蒙、心智弱钝的种种精神弊源。提出了救世先“救人”,立国先“立人”的博大至诚的人道慨念,并以清醒的意识．做出了择取西方科学、明的价值判断。在理性层面上,鲁迅接受了尼采、叔本华及托尔斯泰的人本学说和人道思想;在感性上,决绝封建礼教,启悟国民精神、指陈社会世相,切割人性弱点,救赎病态人生,展示了先生人道主义思想家的独具特质和民族魂人格高度。     

对"人道主义干涉"的国际法思考--兼评"人道主义干涉"的正当性与合法性问题

通过对一些西方大国"人道主义干涉"的正当性和合法性的分析,可以看出,所谓的"人道主义干涉"既不具有正当性,也找不到能证明其合法性的法律依据,而只会给国际社会带来更多不安定因素,并不能真正实现保护人权的目的.     

Supporting collaboration in humanitarian supply chains – insights from a design science project

Abstract

The growing number of large-scale relief operations and humanitarian aid initiatives is stretching the resources – financial, material and human – of humanitarian actors to their limits. Challenges to collaborate both within international humanitarian organizations, and among their direct and indirect supply chain partners often contribute to the inefficient use of resources, or ineffective operations. In this research, we discuss collaboration in humanitarian supply chains, and analyze causes of their dysfunctional operations. Furthermore, we develop an experiential learning approach that can sensitize humanitarian supply chain actors to causes of information distortion. The simulation approach was implemented in the field and instructional design cycles yielded insights into how staff apply their learnings under the specific conditions of humanitarian relief work.     

贪污贿赂罪设置死刑的刑罚价值解析

我国刑法将贪污贿赂犯罪视为最为严重的犯罪之一,配刑制度坚持了＂重刑重罚＂的原则,将其最高刑配置为死刑。这是对死刑制度的一种扩张,它偏离了刑罚原则,减损了刑罚功能,模糊了刑罚目的,违背了罪刑相适应的刑法原则。限制贪污贿赂罪死刑配置符合我国刑事制度发展的要求。     

人道主义干涉的国际法规制

由于与国家主权原则、不干涉内政原则等国际法基本原则相违背,人道主义干涉的合法性一直存在争论。但是国际实践的发展尤其是对人权的关注,也表明其具有一定的合理性。如何对人道主义干涉进行国际法规制,使其朝着国际法制化的方向健康发展而不为霸权者所利用、滥用显得至关重要。将人道主义干涉纳入联合国体制,进一步完善集体安全机制是最符合目前的国际社会现实和要求的。     

Building on the capacities of crisis‐affected populations: From victims to actors

Attempts to consolidate humanitarian actors into a humanitarian system are occurring alongside efforts to generate greater coherence between humanitarian action, development and peace‐building. Whether a strengthened humanitarian system can adhere to the humanitarian principles while engaging in post‐conflict societal reconstruction is unclear. This would require humanitarian action to address the victimhood mentality when dealing with affected populations and to seek out capacities as well as needs. In so doing the inherent political nature of humanitarian action and the manner in which it is prone to instrumentalization needs to be recognized. This would assist in generating the sensitivity required in order to ensure that humanitarian action would ultimately support rather than undermine reconciliation and the building of democratic institutions.     

Women’s status and qualitative perceptions of a cash assistance programme in Raqqa Governorate,Syria

ABSTRACT

Cash and voucher assistance is an efficient way to deliver assistance in emergency settings, and evidence demonstrates that cash programmes have consistent positive impacts on food security and other health and economic outcomes in these contexts. Nevertheless, while evidence from development settings shows that cash has the potential to reduce intimate partner violence and increase empowerment for women and girls, there is a dearth of rigorous evidence from acute humanitarian settings. In response to this evidence gap, the International Rescue Committee conducted an evaluation of a cash programme in Raqqa Governorate, Syria. The aim was to examine the effect of a cash for basic needs programme on outcomes of violence against women, and women’s empowerment. This article draws on qualitative data from interviews with 40 women at the end of the cash programme. It offers evidence of potential increased tension and abuse within both the community and the household for some women whose families received cash, as well as potential increased social protection through repayment of debts and economic independence for others. Both negative and positive effects could be seen. While the objective of the cash programme was not to influence underlying power dynamics, this research shows it is necessary to integrate gender-sensitive approaches into programme design and monitoring to reduce risk to women of diverse identities.     

Clinic Capacity Management: Planning Treatment Programs that Incorporate Adherence

For infectious diseases like tuberculosis and HIV, treatment adherence plays an important role in treatment effectiveness and epidemic control. Studies of some infectious diseases indicate that patients who live closer to their health facilities maintain higher adherence; however, most models ignore the heterogeneity of patients' adherence. Clinics must balance knowledge about adherence with epidemic growth when creating successful treatment programs. We develop an optimization model that integrates a clinic's capacity decisions with population health outcomes. We find that incorporating adherence into clinic planning models can lead to decisions that significantly improve outcomes. For example, in a realistic case study of the HIV epidemic in Zambia, we find that decision makers who ignore decreasing adherence make suboptimal decisions and overestimate the effectiveness of their treatment programs by as much as 94%. Our model is a first step toward understanding the relationship between adherence and health delivery.     

人文理性与和谐构建

人类能在多大程度上从科学发展中获益,主要取决于其在发展科学、利用科学过程中确立人生价值及意义的智慧,即人文理性.正确处理人与自然、人与社会、群体与群体、人与他人、人与自身的关系是人文理性的最高表现形式.只有在宇宙中正确定位人类才能与自然和谐相处,让人的"此在"成为"诗意的栖居".作为"社会关系的总和"的人还要调解好与社会的关系,找到其在社会中的位置.人文理性在群体间的关系中表现为对他者的尊重、理解和宽容,体现着群体间询求认同、进行沟通、消解矛盾的智慧.个体的人与人之间也需要人文理性的调解才能达到和谐.人自身的和谐是个人素质提高的表征,也是实现人文理性的人格保障.     

鲁迅文本的时代意义及其解读

当下的鲁迅阅读渐渐远离文本本身。回归文本本身、还原鲁迅自我,是正确解读鲁迅文本的现代意义的惟一方法。从鲁迅作品中选取“黑夜”、“人名符号”、“知识分子”和“乡村”四个意象进行阐述和分析,我们发现鲁迅作品的时代意义正在于借助西方人文主义形式演绎中国传统精神。