试析小说《双城记》中的人道主义精神

狄更斯是19世纪继莎士比亚之后又一位举世闻名的英国伟大作家。《双城记》是他的著名长篇小说,该部作品故事背景被设置在了18世纪的法国大革命时代。在《双城记》中,狄更斯通过对封建贵族阶级残暴统治的无情批判和对人性罪恶的揭露,表达出了对底层人民的同情、对暴力革命的憎恶,并深刻地展现出了宣扬仁爱的资产阶级人道主义精神。首先简述《双城记》中的人道主义光辉,而后浅析作品中主要人物体现出的人道主义精神,最后再对其蕴含的时代意义与社会意义进行思考。     

论国际人道法在非国际性武装冲突中的适用

国际人道法是保护战争受害者和适用战争与武装冲突的法律规范。中国大陆与台湾之间的军事对抗属于非国际性武装冲突。台湾军队对大陆的"报复"目标违背国际人道法的哲理、原则和法律规范,既不合理也不合法。     

国际人道主义法视角下的"反恐"规则

国际人道主义法明确禁止武装冲突中的"恐怖行为".从国际人道主义法的角度看"反恐战争",其正义性体现在谨慎选择打击对象、只实行有限而且必要的报复等自我克制措施上.     

走近人道精神的民族文学中的文化身份意识

通过考察中国当代民族文学中文化身份意识的淡化乃至被遮蔽 ,经由觉醒到深化等阶段 ,以及这样的主体变化过程对文学的复杂影响 ,我们发现 ,民族文化身份意识中包含有民主意识 ,并演化为启蒙追求 ;民族文化身份中文化因素从单一向多重的综合将成为趋势 ;当代中国文学的整体性作为一种始终存在的力量 ,制约着民族文学文化身份意识的人道政治追求的必然性。这三个方面所形成的合力 ,是可以避免单纯的身份政治 ,而延伸出差异意识乃至建立人道政治的。民族文化身份作为一种边缘性存在具有重要的意义     

Stockpiling supplies for disaster response: an experimental analysis of prepositioning biases

Abstract

Several relief organisations preposition supplies in preparation for disaster response. We show how the structure of prepositioning decisions resemble newsvendor decisions and how common newsvendor biases could affect prepositioning performance. To explore prepositioning biases, we run a behavioural experiment of a prepositioning problem with 20 practitioners from the humanitarian sector. Their task was to choose prepositioning quantities under different cost conditions and for supplies with different degrees of criticality. Results show that participants pull orders away from optimum (pull-to-centre) and follow the prior beneficiary demand realisation (demand chasing) regardless of cost and criticality conditions. However, the estimation of behavioural models reveals patterns hidden in averages, showing that participants weigh undersupply costs more for urgent supplies and urgency moderates demand chasing. A follow-up validation experiment manipulates the salience of urgent supplies by bundling them with non-urgent supplies in a portfolio. Results show that the portfolio strengthens these patterns, increasing the availability of urgent supplies. We offer practice implications of these findings for prepositioning activities and theory implications for inventory experiments in general.     

The space between us: feminist values and humanitarian power dynamics in research with refugees

ABSTRACT

International humanitarian and development agencies striving to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment sometimes neglect to recognise the power hierarchies present in their own engagement with communities. Drawing on research on Syrian refugees and humanitarian workers in Jordan, this article explores the research and monitoring and evaluation practices of international humanitarian agencies. It suggests that the emphasis on generating evidence has resulted in more transactional and less relational engagement with refugees. This paper asks how feminist values can inform research with refugees, and explores how these values may provide less-extractive ways of engaging with displaced populations.     

‘Localising’ humanitarian action: reflections on delivering women's rights-based and feminist services in an ongoing crisis

ABSTRACT

This article shares the experiences of Women Now for Development, a women's organisation working with Syrian women in Syria and neighbouring countries. The key questions under consideration are whether important policy commitments to empower local actors are bearing fruit in practice and identify some of the challenges that still frustrate working with women and girls in humanitarian settings. This article aims to consider whether localisation is more than a current ‘buzz-word’.     

Media,migrants and human rights in the cultural history. Dialogue with Lynn Hunt

Lynn Hunt is an American historian and writer; she is Distinguished Research Professor at the University of California in Los Angeles (U.C.L.A.), and before coming to U.C.L.A., she taught at the University of Pennsylvania (1987–1998) and at the University of California, Berkeley (1974–1987). She is known for her studies in European Cultural History, and in 2007 she published the book Inventing Human Rights, where she examines the rise of the human rights in the eighteenth century.

We are specifically interested in her work because it gives us the chance to create a dialogue and disclose the moment we are living in comparing it with the cultural history and the role the media can have during a humanitarian crisis.

Therefore, we ask Lynn Hunt to explain how the exodus of migrants can be interpreted in light of the meta-narrative model, and to make clear what is and what will be the role of the cultural historians in offering us an interpretation of this historical moment. According to what the writer says in Writing History in the Global Era (2014), Hunt also deals with the importance of the relationship between means of communication, development of empathy and the emergence of human rights. For this reason, we asked the researcher, What is the role of the media today in mapping a humanitarian crisis?     

Applied ethics and allocation of foreign aid: disparity in pretensions and practice

We explore the applied ethics of development aid and humanitarian assistance, and juxtapose these with claimed objectives and factors that influence the choice of recipients. Despite some diversity among donors, ethical considerations appear not to be a prominent factor for allocation of aid. Although recipients’ need is not entirely ignored, donors’ self‐interest and herd behaviour, and recipients’ merits and voting in the United Nations, play crucial roles in allocation decisions. Likely to be shunned are complex emergencies and fragile states, the overlapping settings for action of development and humanitarian aid. Donors should take to heart and put into practice that allocation of aid is an ethical endeavour that should rest on proper needs assessment, established objectives and adopted agreements.     

满足生活需求的建筑功能多样化设计原则

针对单一、封闭的功能空间已不再能满足日益丰富的生活需求这一问题,本文通过对历史时期建筑功能概念的梳理以及相对应的设计手法的概括总结,分析"将建筑问题归结为设计问题"、"注重功能主义的建筑设计,忽略了使用者精神情感"等问题的思考。从生活美学的高度反思了建筑功能设计存在的问题,提出功能多样化设计目的是提升生活品质、改善空间体验;并进一步探讨具体的设计原则,最终落实到空间处理措施上,强调空间构成的多样化、空间布局的人性化、空间视觉的艺术化、空间体验的情感化和空间属性的自然化。