我们需要什么样的工程哲学

工程在人类活动中的地位变得日益重要的同时,也对社会、政治和环境提出了日益严峻的挑战.思考这些问题,我们应该立足于作为一门有别于传统科学技术哲学的工程哲学.古希腊以来,科学与工程一直被认为代表了西方文化两种不同的传统.但在哲学发生历史主义转向后,两种不同的合理性走向融合.在科学的社会研究变得时髦的今天,我们对工程这种物质性活动进行哲学研究的进路就再也不能采用传统哲学那种单一的规范化方法,而应该将其视为一种特殊的文化活动,从多维外部视点来理解.工程知识和工程实践的特性使得工程哲学应该超越传统的规范化方法,而去描述作为一种社会活动的工程实践,并在容纳各个外部视点后综合每个视点所形成的视图,为工程活动"拼凑一种更好的描述".     

硕士研究生入学英语考试英译汉试题的特点及翻译技巧

深入分析历年硕士研究生入学英语考试英译汉试题的特点,总结四方面特点,提出具有针对性的翻译方法和技巧作为对策:(1)试题中的词汇难以见词明义,需根据上下文选择确定词义或对词义进行引申;(2)句子的理解与翻译对上下文的依赖性很强,需使用还原法对原文中的替代、省略、变换等表达进行还原翻译;(3)句子较长,结构复杂,需采用分译法;(4)很多句子的表意方式和语序体现出英美人的思维习惯和特点,需作语序调整。     

数学美在科学探索中的功能

本文通过对数学和自然科学发展史的考察,认为数学美在科学家的科学实践活动中,发挥着重要的动力作用和方法论功能。即数学美为科学探索提供持久的内在动力;为科学发现提供武器和导引;为科学成果提供选择和评价的标准。     

完全经济效益的研究——兼论提高经济效益的途径

在文献[1]的基础上提出了完全经济效益系数的概念,建立了计算公式,分析了影响完全经济效益系数的因素,讨论了提高完全经济效益的一些途径,建立了完全经济效益系数变动的基本方程,讨论了生产要素系数变动的影响力。     

试论谭平山在“一大”前后的思想和活动

本文就谭平山“一大”前后研究和宣传马克思主义,建立和发展广东党的组织;创办学校、培养干部,建立工会组织,发展工人运动;建立社会主义青年团,推动青年运动的发展等几个方面作了论述。     

具体应用中的矛盾分析法之种种

矛盾分析法在科学认识中的具体应用,可作多侧面的展开,形成多方面的更为具体的科学方法。这些具体科学方法可概括为,矛盾的定性分析法、矛盾的定位分析法、矛盾的定点分析法、矛盾的定量分析法、矛盾的定势分析法、矛盾的历史过程分析法、矛盾的逻辑过程分析法、矛盾的系统分析法、矛盾的对立面互补分析法等等.它们均体现哲学方法与具体科学方法的一致性。     

A-H键振动频率与原子价层轨道能

本文研究了原子价层轨道能与共价型分子氢化物中A-H键的振动频率v_(A-H)的关系,结果表明二者间有良好的线性关系,其计算式为: v_(A-H)=-a∑n_1E_1/∑n_1(A)+b (1) V_(A-H)=-c∑n_1E_1/∑n~(B)+d (2)利用上式计算的振动频率V_(A-H)值接近于文献值。从而验证了用韩长日方法计算电负性的合理性。     

Topics in Microbial Risk Assessment: Dynamic Flow Tree Process

Microbial risk assessment is emerging as a new discipline in risk assessment. A systematic approach to microbial risk assessment is presented that employs data analysis for developing parsimonious models and accounts formally for the variability and uncertainty of model inputs using analysis of variance and Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of the paper is to raise and examine issues in conducting microbial risk assessments. The enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 was selected as an example for this study due to its significance to public health. The framework for our work is consistent with the risk assessment components described by the National Research Council in 1983 (hazard identification; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment; and risk characterization). Exposure assessment focuses on hamburgers, cooked a range of temperatures from rare to well done, the latter typical for fast food restaurants. Features of the model include predictive microbiology components that account for random stochastic growth and death of organisms in hamburger. For dose-response modeling, Shigella data from human feeding studies were used as a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. Risks were calculated using a threshold model and an alternative nonthreshold model. The 95% probability intervals for risk of illness for product cooked to a given internal temperature spanned five orders of magnitude for these models. The existence of even a small threshold has a dramatic impact on the estimated risk.     

Risk,Media, and Stigma at Rocky Flats

Public responses to nuclear technologies are often strongly negative. Events, such as accidents or evidence of unsafe conditions at nuclear facilities, receive extensive and dramatic coverage by the news media. These news stories affect public perceptions of nuclear risks and the geographic areas near nuclear facilities. One result of these perceptions, avoidance behavior, is a form of technological stigma that leads to losses in property values near nuclear facilities. The social amplification of risk is a conceptual framework that attempts to explain how stigma is created through media transmission of information about hazardous places and public perceptions and decisions. This paper examines stigma associated with the U.S. Department of Energy's Rocky Flats facility, a major production plant in the nation's nuclear weapons complex, located near Denver, Colorado. This study, based upon newspaper analyses and a survey of Denver area residents, finds that the social amplification theory provides a reasonable framework for understanding the events and public responses that took place in regard to Rocky Flats during a 6-year period, beginning with an FBI raid of the facility in 1989.     

Predicting Whistle Blowing: A Theory of Reasoned Action Approach

Fishbein and Ajzen's Reasoned Action model was used to predict intention to blow the whistle. Accounting students attending an Israeli university and accountant practitioners were used as the subjects for the study. It was hypothesized that attitudes and social norms would directly explain intention, while professional obligation, locus of control and professional socialization would modify the criterion variable through attitudes and social norms. Findings showed that social norms directly influenced intent to blow the whistle among both samples, as hypothesized. However, locus of control and professional socialization also directly influenced intent, rather than modifying the criterion variable. Suggestions for further research are included.