国际大都市与北京市人口疏解政策评述及借鉴

随着城市化进程的加快,北京进入了城市人口快速膨胀的时期,带来了道路交通拥堵、环境污染加重、资源过度消耗等一系列城市问题。本文总结了东京、首尔、香港、纽约和巴黎等国际大都市人口疏导政策,这些政策包括：产业转移带动人口转移;快速交通建设扩大人口分布和职业通勤范围;卫星城、次中心城区的住宅规划吸纳人口;公共资源分配向郊区倾斜,完善配套基础设施;防止低效益的传统第三产业过度膨胀。北京市现有的人口疏解政策可以分为产业调控类、资源调节类、驱出限入类和行政协商类,各有优势和劣势。在经济结构转型的战略背景下,北京市人口调控需要一个包括产业规划、建设规划、人口管理和政府推动的综合人口调控体系。     

Looking for best practice in caring for disabled children: a case of socialized foster care in China

This study focuses on the problems associated with caring for children with cerebral palsy (CWCP) in Chinese State Children's Welfare Institutions (SCWIs). It considers how to place these children with foster families and also provide them with the best rehabilitation services. In a pilot project, one SCWI trained foster parents as rehabilitators and provided services to CWCPs living with foster families in selected rural communities. The practice was very successful over the last decade, and more than 600 CWCPs in these communities are growing up happily. Hence, specialized foster care projects could be a solution for all SCWIs in China, where most of the institutionalized children are disabled.     

An Analysis of Toxicology and Medical Journal Conflict-of-Interest Polices

Basic science and medical journals are increasingly requiring authors to disclose financial interests they have in the subject matter of contributed articles and letters. A comparison of journal conflict-of-interest (COI) policies can provide insight into published reports of low compliance rates and inconsistencies in disclosures by the same author found in different journals. The objective of this article is to compare the criteria, specificity, and scope of COI polices in toxicology and medical journals. We studied the COI policies of 47 toxicology and 180 medical journals catalogued in Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory for criteria of competing interests, types of submissions covered, monetary or time thresholds for reporting, and penalties for violations. Indicators were constructed for rating policy specificity, author discretion, and policy scope.

Written COI policies were found in 87% if the toxicology and 84% of the medical journals; 15% and 28% of the toxicology and medical journals, respectively, were explicit about the type of content covered by the policy; 20% and 29%, respectively, included a monetary threshold for reporting purposes; the level of author discretion for reporting COIs was found to be high in 46% of the toxicology and 41% of the medical journals respectively. The level of specificity for more than 75% of the written journal COI policies for both fields was minimal or practically nil, and the scope of more than 80% of the policies was minimal to narrow. Lack of specificity, high author discretion, and restricted scope were found to be prevalent among COI policies of toxicology and medical journals.     

纳萨尔主义农村武装斗争——印度政府国内安全的头号威胁

论及印度纳萨尔主义农村武装斗争的历史与现状,农村武装斗争长期存在的原因以及印度政府的对策。目前,这一运动已发展成为一支不可忽视的农村武装力量,其产生的影响已成为威协印度国内安全的头号问题。     

Optimal Inventory Control with Retail Pre‐Packs

A pre‐pack is a collection of items used in retail distribution. By grouping multiple units of one or more stock keeping units (SKU), distribution and handling costs can be reduced; however, ordering flexibility at the retail outlet is limited. This paper studies an inventory system at a retail level where both pre‐packs and individual items (at additional handling cost) can be ordered. For a single‐SKU, single‐period problem, we show that the optimal policy is to order into a “band” with as few individual units as possible. For the multi‐period problem with modular demand, the band policy is still optimal, and the steady‐state distribution of the target inventory position possesses a semi‐uniform structure, which greatly facilitates the computation of optimal policies and approximations under general demand. For the multi‐SKU case, the optimal policy has a generalized band structure. Our numerical results show that pre‐pack use is beneficial when facing stable and complementary demands, and substantial handling savings at the distribution center. The cost premium of using simple policies, such as strict base‐stock and batch‐ordering (pre‐packs only), can be substantial for medium parameter ranges.     

试论科举废除与辛亥革命的关系

科举制的废除与辛亥革命的发生有着必然的内在关系。科举入仕的中断使得旧式士人转而从商、从军,这不仅为辛亥革命的发生奠定了经济基础,还为清王朝的覆亡培育了直接的掘墓人。科举制的废除,使得儒家的忠君思想开始动摇,大批士人的留学和新式学堂教育为他们接受西方革命学说提供了机会,而这又成为辛亥革命爆发的思想基础。     

加拿大的卫生政策及其对中国卫生改革的借鉴

卫生政策在改善与增进人口健康中发挥了重要作用。文章通过对加拿大卫生系统相关立法进程的系统回顾与分析。发现加拿大医疗系统的特点是公共筹资而非私人运作,而全覆盖、可携带性、综合性、可及性以及公共管理等五项基础性原则保证了加拿大卫生系统的成功运行。文章着重回答了有哪些政策可以借鉴,如何借鉴。以及哪些政策的不良后果可以避免等。     

四川-西藏与南亚国家次区域合作探析

经济全球化、次区域合作进程的加快以及我国西部大开发战略的深入,为我国从面向太平洋的东部沿海开放转向通过西部沿边陆路面向印度洋的开放提供了难得的历史机遇,由此提出四川-西藏与南亚国家次区域合作的新构想。     

少数民族高等教育招生政策的法律分析 ———基于不当联结禁止原则的视角

不当联结禁止原则是指行政主体在做出行政行为时,应只考虑合乎事物本质的要素,不可将与法律目的不相干的法律上或事实上的要素纳入考虑。少数民族高等教育招生政策是对具有少数民族身份的学生实施的特殊招生政策,鉴于教育中考虑民族因素的合理性和无恶意性,这一政策虽然在招生中考虑了除智力因素外的民族因素,但并不违反不当联结禁止原则。     

陕西历代进士数量及地理分布统计分析

为探究陕西历代进士的数量及其地理分布,运用统计学的方法对陕西从隋朝至清朝历代进士进行核实和分析,由于明代以前相关文献资料的缺乏,陕西进士数量及其地理分布反映的主要是明清两代陕西情况。分析认为,历代陕西进士共有2 530人。分析还认为,陕西进士数量集中在明清经济文化中心的西安及其周边、咸阳地区和经济富庶的渭南地区;陕南、陕北较少,这与当时陕西各地经济文化发展的不均衡情况基本吻合。