In the present paper methods of the decision theory are applied to determine minimax policies of simultaneous control and estimation for stochastic system (1). There are solved the following cases: a)when disturbances of the system have the binomial distribution with unknown parameter b)when disturbances of the system have distribution belonging to an exponential family dependent on natural unknown parameter and the class of prior distributions of parameter is restricted by fixing the second moment In both cases open analytical forms of minimax policies are given 相似文献
Helsinki's development during the last two centuries has been similar to that of many other medium-size capitals in continental, eastern and northern Europe. Centrally governed Helsinki, raised to a provincial capital in year 1812 in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, was urbanized late. The railway turned Helsinki at the end of nineteenth century into a main port for export and a real capital with connection to all over the country. The new industrial districts, ports, Paris-style boulevards and large stone house areas witnessed bourgeois wealth. The change in policy and governance transferred planning gradually from central to local level. The city's new Urban Planning Committee (1908) got the assignment of making new urban plans in the spirit of European metropolitan plans. This change coincided with the introduction of the one-chamber parliament (1906) and with the golden era of national arts and culture.
After the First World War Finland separated from Russia and Helsinki became capital for the independent republic (1917). The master plan proposal Pro Helsingfors, ordered by private commercial counselor for a Greater Helsinki, was made by architects Eliel Saarinen and Bertel Jung in 1918. It was marked with a continental planning ideas, modernistic monumentalism and traffic optimism. This plan influenced the development of the capital throughout the twentieth century. Among the large problems to be solved was the planning of a new city centre, the Töölönlahti bay area. The symbolic value of this area grew with Parliament House (1930). However, the final planning of this ‘republican core’ is still an open issue, with mixed interest by the state and the city.
After 1945 migration has been steadily growing. With the 1952 Olympics Helsinki joined the exclusive club of Olympic cities. Land area grew five-fold when the suburban zones were annexed in 1946 by decree of the National Government. Local urban planning could see capital, regional, metropolitan, traffic and suburban planning as a whole. The first master plan was approved in 1972. Since that, the city planning has been controlled strictly by the municipality. 相似文献
The Norwegian system of benefits for lone mothers was revised in the late 1990s. The reform entailed an altered conception of the interrelations between gender, the labour market and the welfare state in Norway — basically shrinking the period it is possible to stay at home with your children as a lone mother. This paper discusses the implementation and the consequences of these new policies from a gender and power perspective. The reform was meant to give lone parents more power over their own life, independence, higher income and self-realization. Lone parents’ own statements about their experiences show the problematic aspects of dependency on welfare, as well as the difficult aspects of dependency on the market. The reform was based on two assumptions, namely, that the market provides work opportunities and that gender equality has now been achieved in Norway. The paper concludes that since both assumptions are questionable, those lone parents least capable for this struggle have been turned into pioneers struggling for a place in the market and for that very gender equality.
El sistema Noruego de beneficios para madres solteras fue revisado en los últimos años de los 90. La reforma significo una concepción distinta de las relaciones entre género, el mercado de trabajo y el estado de bienestar en Noruega — básicamente significo una reducción en el tiempo que las madres solteras pueden dedicar a cuidar a sus hijos en casa. Este articulo elabora la implementación y las consecuencias de esas nuevas políticas publicas desde una perspectiva de genero y poder. El razonamiento de la reforma fue que esta llevaría a dar más control sobre sus vidas a los padres solteros, así como más independencia, salarios más altos y que por tanto los padres conseguirían una realización propia mas completa. Sin embargo, las declaraciones de madres solteras en este respecto ilustras los aspectos problemáticos de dependencia en beneficios del estado de bienestar así como las dificultades relacionadas con dependencia de los mercados. Las reforma estuvo basada en dos presunciones, primero, que los mercados proveen oportunidades para conseguir trabajo, y segundo, que Noruega ya consiguió igualdad de genero. El artículo concluye que debido as que estas presunciones son cuestionables, los padre solteros mas débiles se han convertido en pioneros en la lucha por un puesto en el mercado de trabajo así como pioneros en la lucha por la igualdad de genero. 相似文献
