布什政府宏观经济政策述评

在阐述布什政府宏观经济政策基本取向的基础上,对布什时期美国宏观经济政策的主要内容进行分析,最后指出这一时期美国经济政策的主要特点。     

略论宋代的科举迷信及其对士人的影响

宋代的科举迷信有祈梦、算命、看相、占卜和所谓因果报应等各种表现.与唐代相比,宋代的科举迷信尤为盛行,主要原因有三: 一是宋代科场竞争空前激烈,无法把握自己在科场上的命运,从而给士人带来了巨大的精神压力,他们迫切希望预知吉凶,并求得神灵的保佑;二是科举考试中的许多不确定因素亦即"幸与不幸"的存在,助长了命运说的流行;三是有人借助科举迷信宣扬因果报应,以劝世人积德行善,对科举迷信也起到了推波助澜的作用.科举迷信不足信,且它对考生所产生的消极面也大于积极面,因而必须加以破除.在今天,科举制度早已退出了历史舞台,但只要有考试,就会有竞争,就会对考生产生精神压力,就容易出现各种考试迷信,从而阻碍考生正常水平的发挥.因此,考生只有破除各种考试迷信,以真才实学和良好的心理素质应考,才能取得优秀的成绩.     

科技传播政策:框架与目标

科技传播政策是科技政策重要的组成部分。基于当代社会发展的需要,一个相对完善的科技传播政策体系至少要包括科技公共传播政策、科技传播产业化发展政策、科技传播技术发展政策等基本组成部分。科技传播政策的目标应定位于利用制度建设和政策引导,强化科技传播能力建设,提高国家科技传播能力。     

现代中国民族关系的类型划分

由于历史发展过程中的种种原因,一国内部各种族、族群之间在文化传统、与中央政府的历史联系各不相同,在社会经济水平和能力方面发展不均衡,各族成员在获得资源和个体发展条件机会方面存在差距,族群间的这些重要差异不应忽视。因此各国政府需要根据实事求是的精神,尊重历史与现实国情,为本国不同群体设计不同的政策。中国历代王朝在这方面有许多成功经验。新中国成立后,政府在民族政策的许多方面采取“一刀切”的思路与做法,强调国情但忽视了族情。这些政策已执行了半个多世纪,其实践效果需要检验。本文回顾了民族史研究文献对民族的分类,讨论了中国各族群之间的差异,通过人口变量、族际通婚、文化变量、与中央政权关系、境外同族是否建立独立国家这5个因素对中国的55个族群进行初步分类,对各类群体的特点进行归纳分析,希望以此推动我国民族理论和有关政策的反思。     

改革开放以来中国救灾减灾政策研究综述

改革开放以来,中国的救灾减灾政策处于不断的发展演变之中。值改革开放30周年之际,系统考察改革开放以来中国救灾减灾政策演进的历史及深刻背景,总结经验教训,既有重要的学术价值,也有很强的现实意义。为了深入研究的需要,笔者对学术界关于救灾减灾政策各个环节的研究概况做了较为全面的叙述,分析了其中的空白和薄弱点,提出了今后研究的几点看法。     

简述东汉前期对北匈奴的政策

匈奴是中国古代活动在北方蒙古草原上的一个游牧民族。东汉初年,因自然灾害和匈奴统治集团内部权力之争,分裂为南、北二部。东汉政府对北匈奴采取了羁縻安抚、分化瓦解、武力征伐等政策。目的在于防止北匈奴的侵扰,维护边境的安宁。     

辛亥革命时期日本对东三省政策之演变

辛亥革命时期日本对东三省政策大致分为革命爆发后的混乱时期、拉拢赵尔巽、张作霖时期以及蓝天蔚北伐时期。日本对华外交的混乱、对辛亥革命所导致的政体变化及政治力量的对比缺乏正确判断,以及列强对日本的掣肘等因素综合作用的结果,使作为二流帝国主义强国的日本,在辛亥革命时期对东三省的政策呈现出落后时势与手段拙劣等特征,因而注定了其不可避免的被动格局。     

Better job prospects or an imperative to ‘just work’? A cross-national study on social investment and women's employment

Social investment policies advocate for more and better jobs by supporting families' work-life balance and investing in human capital. But do they really help to boost employment prospects for women? Earlier literature suggests a positive relationship, but not enough attention has been paid to the type of employment, or to who the actual beneficiaries of these measures are. This article combines ISSP survey data with OECD and national data in a multilevel analysis to determine whether social investment policies benefit female employment, improve job prospects, and apply to all women irrespective of their educational level. We find that training and childcare policies are associated with higher employment levels, however, the claim that social investment increases chances for better job prospects finds little empirical support. These findings suggest that active labour market and childcare policies are associated with more women's employment, but they might still be following a push to ‘just work’.     

Why do unemployed people avoid participation in training? An experiment for policy making

Despite active labour market policies being implemented to increase the skills and job opportunities of the unemployed, the number of people who do not participate in training and other services of job orientation remains high. By providing a model that studies the decision-making process of a potential participant, we hypothesise there is a behavioural motive behind it. An experiment is carried out to account for both the individual's preference and the social expectations of agents such as the government and her peers with respect to active occupational measures. Findings show that young unemployed individuals are significantly influenced by their peers when deciding whether to participate or not in a training programme. Particularly, negative expectations from the peers cause unemployed potential participants in a within- and between-subjects experiment to be, respectively, 33 and 42 percentage points less likely to take part in job training.     

Future perspectives on work and family dynamics in Southern Europe: the importance of culture and regional contexts

The Southern countries model (Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Greece) take a specific family-oriented approach to work–family reconciliation. They are family-oriented in that they entrust the family with more responsibilities that in other countries. Work–family reconciliation is considered as a political action that gives quite limited and unstable support to encourage women’s labour-market participation; this results in the poor development of external services and in few benefits for women, who have to undertake multiple roles inside and outside the family. In these countries, negotiation is left to the private spheres of the couple or local communities, so that each family can decide on the best way to use the existing policies and consider the possibilities available to them. In this sense it is not possible only to apply ‘outside models’ (such as the Nordic, French, German, etc.) to find an effective approach for these countries. The special issue, starting from the current situation explores possibilities for future scenarios in Southern Europe countries concerning work–family dynamics. It includes general comparative papers or case study on work-care arrangements, family and care policies, early childhood education and care (ECEC) with regard to family well-being, gender equality, fertility or father involvement in Southern European countries.