帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪的"口袋化"纠偏

帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪之所以独立成罪,是因为旨在有效抑制日益严重的网络犯罪,而将具有类型性地侵害法益抽象危险性的网络犯罪帮助行为,配置独立的构成要件与法定刑,以摆脱对下游犯罪成罪与否（如罪量）及刑罚轻重的依赖。但立法定位不准、行为类型认定混乱、界限竞合处理随意及中立帮助行为认定不清,造成该罪的“口袋化”。实际上,争论该罪是“帮助行为正犯化”还是“帮助犯的量刑规则”,并无实际意义;该罪也并非所谓中立帮助行为的正犯化;企图从是否存在“通谋”“充分的意思联络”、是否专门为他人“量身定制”、是否情节严重等方面区分该罪与诈骗等罪的共犯,有违共犯原理、责任主义及罪刑均衡原则,而不可取。只要客观上与他人实施的网络犯罪行为及其结果之间具有因果性,主观上对此存在认识,而且行为本身违反相关禁止性规定,原则上都不能否认诈骗等罪共犯的成立。     

Racial classification in criminology: The reproduction of racialized crime

The (re)production of knowledge about crime is cultural in terms of the questions asked, the comparisons made, and the hypotheses selected to explain crime causation. Since criminologists do not operate in a vacuum, any prejudgments, biases, and beliefs acquired before their professional socialization may well persist and affect their approach to research over the course of their academic careers. Because American criminologists live in a society that racializes a number of problem behaviors, including crime, it is conceivable that widely held beliefs about race that predate graduate training will find their way into assumptions about the relationship between race and crime. Such preprofessional beliefs are transformed into facts when they meet with widespread agreement from other criminologists and thus come to be taken for granted in the objective pursuit of knowledge. Crime is racialized, for example, when the criminal behaviors of individual black offenders are understood in terms of racial traits, racial motives, or racial experiences. When traits, motives, or experiences are classified as the property of whole races or racial communities, these conceptions of race assume causal significance in explaining criminal behavior. Because these traits, motives, and experiences are supposedly shared by entire races or race-class categories, the predisposition to criminality becomes generalized beyond individual Black criminals to whole races or racial communities of noncriminal Blacks. When crime is thus racialized, whole communities or whole categories of phenotypically similar individuals are rendered precriminal and morally suspect. In addition, such racializations in academic criminology can be used to justify increased control of individual black criminals in the larger society; these controls can also legitimately be extended to encompass whole communities and whole categories of phenotypically similar persons who are not involved in crime. This paper will address the role that racializing assumptions play in traditional criminological theories.     

论老年人犯罪从宽暨免死的年龄标准与立法模式——以《刑法修正案(八)》为视角

老年人犯罪从宽的年龄标准应当有别于老年人免死的年龄标准。当前,中国对老年人犯罪从宽的年龄宜规定为"年满70周岁",而对老年人犯罪免死的年龄则宜规定为"年满75周岁"。对老年人犯罪从宽应当与对未成年人犯罪从宽相一致,统一规定为"应当从轻或者减轻处罚",而没有必要区分故意和过失犯罪分别规定。考虑到老年人犯罪免死的根据、刑罚目的和国际上的普遍做法,中国应当免除所有老年人犯罪的死刑,而不应有例外。     

You Catch More Flies With Honey: Sex Work,Violence, and Masculinity on the Streets

Violence among inner‐city men is a pressing social concern, and the central focus of much academic research. Many frame it as a phenomenon that certain men perpetuate—those who inhabit disadvantaged, impoverished communities—and argue it is linked to performances of “street” masculinity. In this article, I examine male street‐based sex workers’ willingness to become embroiled in violent exchanges. In a departure from theoretical predictions, my findings reveal these men expend considerable effort to remain nonviolent with others immersed in the sex trade, a decision based upon their desire for the acquisition of capital as well as their calculation of risks. In doing so, they construct and perform a nuanced version of masculinity, which I call pacifist masculinity. Few studies analyze peaceful and conciliatory interactions among men in these contexts, an absence that only serves to reify assumptions about rampant hostility and aggression. I draw on interviews with 19 men involved in street prostitution in Chicago in 2012. This article contributes to a clearer understanding of male–male violence in high‐risk environments, examines the prominent factors that inform decisions to assault others, and explores how such actions challenge hegemonic masculinity.     

问题类型划分方法视野下的犯罪概念研究

在问题类型划分方法的视野下,犯罪概念问题应该属于纯粹刑法学问题中的解释选择问题,但刑法学界以往有关犯罪概念的讨论却大多将其作为刑法问题中的价值判断问题。由于未能妥当确定犯罪概念的问题类型,从而使学界有关犯罪概念的讨论未能达成最低限度的学术共识。作为纯粹刑法学问题中的解释选择问题,形式与实质相结合的混合犯罪概念不存在被替代的必要性,而犯罪概念也不应被规定在刑法典中。     

Adolescents’ perceptions of the ‘substance use-violence nexus’: a South African perspective

The aim of the study was to explore adolescents’ perceptions of substance use as a contributing factor to community violence by employing a conceptual framework proposed by Goldstein. Data were collected from a sample of adolescents between the ages of 15 and 16 years by means of focus group interviews. Theoretical thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the findings. The participants’ perceptions indicated that substance use and withdrawal symptoms induce physiological and behavioural modifications resulting in aggression and violence. The findings also suggest that participants believed that substance users frequently commit property and violent interpersonal crimes such as theft, robbery, assault and murder to procure their substances. Further, the adolescents’ perceived violence to be rooted within gang culture as well as the involvement in shared markets for illicit substance trading.     

Bid-rigging networks and state-corporate crime in the construction industry

This study highlights the symbiotic relationship that may arise between political and business actors in conspiracies organized around public construction bids. Based on a core-periphery social network analysis, the study tracks the emergence of such a conspiracy in the city of Laval (Canada) by illustrating the evolution of bid-rigging networks revolving around suspected and persistent acts of corruption, bid-rigging, and bribery. To assess this process, the study monitors irregular bidding indicators across a data set compiled from more than 7000 public construction tenders that were processed by the city from 1966 to 2013. Findings reveal that firms suspected of bid-rigging activities were perennial core participants largely as a result of a state-corporate crime system that served as the guiding force for agreements between the main construction entrepreneurs.     

律师伪证罪的困境与出路

《刑法》第306条有关律师伪证罪的规定一直面临着悖逆民心的困境，但其原因并非实体内容不公正，而是欠缺程序上的合理限制，由此导致它沦为检察机关实施职业报复的工具。将律师纪律处分或行政处罚程序作为刑事诉讼程序的程序性前提，把取消会员资格的行业处分或吊销律师职业证书的行政处罚作为刑事诉讼的实体性前提，并限制刑事侦查的调查范围，可以合理地限制检察机关的偏见和恣意，带领该规定走出当前的困境。     

强奸犯罪之主观方面比较研究--兼论我国强奸罪主观方面的修正

从两大法系主要典型国家对强奸犯罪主观方面的立法规定或理论学说来看,两者在认定主观方面的标准侧重点不同,其认定标准都存在一定缺陷;相比于大陆法系国家,英美法系国家对强奸罪主观方面的研究更加深入,对行为人“轻率”的心理态度的理解较富特色。我国对强奸罪主观罪过通说的界定不够全面,不符合行为人的正常认知,需要进行修正;将行为人在过失或间接故意心态支配下实施的奸淫行为一律推定为直接故意,违反公平正义原则。我国强奸罪主观方面应当修正为：直接故意、间接故意,以及过于自信的过失可以构成强奸妇女型犯罪;故意和过失皆可构成奸淫幼女型犯罪。