从甲骨文“男”、“女”二字之构形看男尊女卑之必然

“男”字的甲骨文构形为以力耕于田,所以男子在农耕时代处于物质生产的主导地位,也决定了其社会地位的不断提高;而“女”字的甲骨文构形,乃是女子跪着操持家务的形象,女子退出物质生产领域而以操持家务为职,直接导致了其地位的江河日下,使男尊女卑成为历史的必然。“男”、“女”二字之甲骨文构形是男尊女卑形成的一个活化石。     

论雅诺斯基文明社会理论对构建和谐社会的启示——以三种社会结构理论的对比分析为视角

构建社会主义和谐社会需要全面理解社会结构问题,雅诺斯基的公民理论和文明社会理论为分析社会结构提供了新的视角和内容,它吸收和借鉴了马克思、马歇尔和哈贝马斯的积极成果。虽然哈贝马斯和雅诺斯基的社会结构四大领域划分理论及其分析带有为晚期资本主义社会辩护的性质,存在诸多不合理之处,但这种理论也确有独到之处,从另一个角度显示了社会运作的复杂性,并为马克思和中国共产党对社会结构的分析方法带来了有益的补充。在当前积极推进构建社会主义和谐社会的背景下,这种理论是有积极的理论启发意义和实践借鉴意义的。     

中国现阶段的社会公正问题

社会公正有着两个相辅相成的基本价值取向,一是让全体社会成员共享经济社会发展的成果;二是使每一个社会成员都拥有充分的自由发展空间。社会公正的基本立足点应当是客观和中立。在中国现阶段,社会贫富差距状况的主要指标呈现出一种恶化的态势,这反映了中国社会结构层面出现了比较明显的问题:一是在社会大的环境层面上,自由相对有余而平等相对不足;二是在基础阶层或是民众层面上,社会主要群体呈弱势化趋向;三是在较高位置的阶层层面上,精英群体之间出现了利益结盟的苗头;四是在国家层面上,颠倒了公共投入优先的顺序。解决这些问题的关键在于:在全社会范围内确立起共享社会发展成果的基本理念,在大力推进经济社会发展的同时,建立起初级的社会公正保障体系,进而形成两头小、中间大的橄榄型社会分配结构。     

西藏产业结构优化与主导产业选择

文章运用产业结构理论,对西藏产业结构所处的工业发展阶段、三次产业产值结构和就业结构的变动进行了总体评价.最后,通过科学选择西藏产业结构优化的战略导向,利用区位商方法,着重分析了西藏产业结构优化过程中的主导产业问题,由此确立了西藏工业经济应该培育和扶持的一级和二级主导产业部门.     

Profile of the Present Slovak Society and its Regional Differences

The article is the first attempt in assessment of the development and the present situation of social structure and stratification in Slovakia. Its principal aim is to develop the profile of the present society in Slovakia, which reflects the pace and complexity of the transformation process and its impact on society. Processing of Micro census data from 2003 led to creation of the profile of society in Slovakia at the national level based on income distribution but also knowledge on regional societies and differences between them were obtained. It was found out that the present profile of the society in Slovakia is pear-shaped which means strong representation of lower strata and weaker representation of higher middle and high strata. The profile disclosed some specific features and inconsistencies in the present society of Slovakia, which were, and still are determined by many non standard past and present phenomena and processes often disguised by reforms. The information drawn in regions has facilitated identification of the basic nature and structure of regional societies, some of their specific features and negative elements and to demonstrate their highly differentiated character.

Does Society Matter? Life Satisfaction in the Enlarged Europe

Life satisfaction is quite heterogeneously distributed across countries of the enlarged European Union. Previous research has shown how living conditions within individual countries, such as access to material and emotional resources, are important for personal well-being, but it has been less successful in explaining differences between countries. This article investigates whether it matters in which political and economic circumstances people live, as well as whether their particular perception of the quality of their societal environment plays a role. People are well aware that the institutional and cultural settings in which their lives are embedded create opportunities and limitations: within individual countries, perceptions of society influence life satisfaction outcomes irrespective of access to resources. However, their importance for well-being differs across Europe: perceptions of societies are highly decisive in countries that provide only a minimum of social security and in which the reliability of political institutions is poor. In rich and stable countries, the impact is weaker and private social support becomes more important. In addition to these country-specific weights of life satisfaction determinants, life satisfaction variations between countries can be explained to a large extent by taking into consideration the economic performance, the social security level, and the political culture in a country—all in all, general conditions that enable people to live a respectable life.     

Life satisfaction and family structure among adolescents in Hong Kong

Relationships between family structure and perceived life satisfaction in overall life and five domains of the Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, family life, friendships, school experience, myself, and where I live were examined among 4,502 Chinese adolescent secondary school students in Hong Kong. Bivariate analyses showed that economic status was not a significant risk factor, but gender, level of study, and migrant status had to be controlled to examine the life satisfaction-family structure relations. Logistic regression analyses found that in overall life, with adolescents living with two parents as standard for comparisons, adolescents living with mother had similar life satisfaction, but those living with father only, and those with no parents, or single parent with other adults had very much higher risk of life dissatisfaction. Specifically, the risks associated with the adverse family structures were most excessive in the domain of ‘family life’.     

Household structure and consumption insurance of the elderly

This paper examines the role of household formation in providing consumption insurance to the elderly. Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys, raw tabulations of per adult equivalent consumption indicate that the elderly who live alone have higher levels of well-being relative to those who live with others. This is misleading, however, because the decision to live alone is clearly endogenous. The empirical estimation accounts for this endogeneity using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results provide evidence that household formation plays a significant role in maintaining consumption levels. Without the opportunity to live with others, the welfare gap measured by the difference between per adult equivalent consumption levels of dependent and independent livers would be even larger. These findings suggest that co-residing with others effectively supplements social security, pensions, and private savings and helps the elderly to smooth consumption in old age.

The importance of being mature: the effect of demographic maturation on global per capita GDP

Given that savings behaviour and worker productivity have strong life-cycle components and given that demographic profiles vary across countries, population age structure should be linked to differences in levels of economic development. In this paper, we measure the economic importance of age structure variation for the global economy. We find that demographic maturation has been associated with nearly half of the evolution of global per capita GDP since 1960. We also find that age structure differences can account for just over half of the variation in worldwide per capita GDP (i.e. the lack of sigma convergence) observed since 1960.

西部少数民族人口政策的稳定、调整与法制化

西部少数民族人口的发展状况,直接关系到西部地区经济、社会的全面协调和可持续发展。本文就其人口政策的稳定、调整与法制化的战略途径,进行一定的可行性探讨。