A statistical testing framework for evaluating the quality of measurement processes

In this paper we address the evaluation of measurement process quality. We mainly focus on the evaluation procedure, as far as it is based on the numerical outcomes for the measurement of a single physical quantity. We challenge the approach where the ‘exact’ value of the observed quantity is compared with the error interval obtained from the measurements under test and we propose a procedure where reference measurements are used as ‘gold standard’. To this purpose, we designed a specific t-test procedure, explained here. We also describe and discuss a numerical simulation experiment demonstrating the behaviour of our procedure.     

从工具到范式：假设检验争议的知识社会学反思

统计工具的建构与运用不能脱离知识生产的情境脉络,其中渗透着建构者和运用者的个人主张与其所在学科的整体价值追求。原假设显著性检验是社会科学实证研究中最为常用的假设检验方法,其流行并非因为方法论本身的精确无误,而在于它虽存有争议并因此招致严厉批评,但仍简洁有效地满足了研究者追求知识的客观性与确定性、以期将自身所在的学科塑造为一门科学分支的主观期待。因此,这一方法就从一个普通的统计工具上升为一种学科范式,起到了收敛学科的精神指向、提供模式化的解题方法、从而实现学科内部知识较快发展的功能。     

Goodness‐of‐fit Test for Directional Data

In this paper, we study the problem of testing the hypothesis on whether the density f of a random variable on a sphere belongs to a given parametric class of densities. We propose two test statistics based on the L² and L¹ distances between a non‐parametric density estimator adapted to circular data and a smoothed version of the specified density. The asymptotic distribution of the L² test statistic is provided under the null hypothesis and contiguous alternatives. We also consider a bootstrap method to approximate the distribution of both test statistics. Through a simulation study, we explore the moderate sample performance of the proposed tests under the null hypothesis and under different alternatives. Finally, the procedure is illustrated by analysing a real data set based on wind direction measurements.     

产品市场竞争、控股股东倾向和公司现金股利政策

利用我国沪深两市的4093个公司年非平衡面板数据,实证检查了公司产品市场竞争程度、控股股东现金股利分配倾向与公司现金股利政策之间的关系。结果表明,控股股东具有偏好现金股利的显著倾向,并且这种倾向不受股东性质的显著影响。进一步的研究发现,控股股东偏好现金股利的倾向在高产品市场竞争的环境下更加显著,控股股东要求支付更多现金股利的倾向随产品市场竞争程度的增加而增加。通过运用代理成本理论和股利"掏空"理论对结论进行分析,表明产品市场竞争起到了良好的外部治理机制作用,可以较好地抑制经理层的道德风险和控股股东通过其他方式对公司进行"掏空"。     

Evaluations of FWER-controlling methods in multiple hypothesis testing

Simultaneously testing a family of n null hypotheses can arise in many applications. A common problem in multiple hypothesis testing is to control Type-I error. The probability of at least one false rejection referred to as the familywise error rate (FWER) is one of the earliest error rate measures. Many FWER-controlling procedures have been proposed. The ability to control the FWER and achieve higher power is often used to evaluate the performance of a controlling procedure. However, when testing multiple hypotheses, FWER and power are not sufficient for evaluating controlling procedure’s performance. Furthermore, the performance of a controlling procedure is also governed by experimental parameters such as the number of hypotheses, sample size, the number of true null hypotheses and data structure. This paper evaluates, under various experimental settings, the performance of some FWER-controlling procedures in terms of five indices, the FWER, the false discovery rate, the false non-discovery rate, the sensitivity and the specificity. The results can provide guidance on how to select an appropriate FWER-controlling procedure to meet a study’s objective.     

环境规制与中国大中型企业工业生产率

首先采用DEA-like模型计算2001-2007年中国36个工业行业的生产率指数、技术进步以及技术效率水平.其次,利用固定效应模型对环境规制与工业生产率的关系进行实证检验,结果显示,单位产值二氧化硫排放量每减少一个单位,生产率指数、技术进步以及技术效率将分别增加0.008 0、0.003 5和0.004 3.再次,从影响技术创新、改变产业结构角度探讨了环境规制对工业生产率的影响途径.最后,提出了环境规制背景下提高中国工业生产率的政策建议.     

基于“输出驱动假设”的英语专业写作教学改革研究

英语写作教学一直存在费时费力、收效不佳的问题。基于文秋芳的“输出驱动假设”,根据写作问卷调查结果,提出英语专业写作教学改革建议,即强调写作教学的综合性和连续性、实施英语综合技能教学法,有助于提高英语写作教学的效益。     

普通工科高校艺术专业英语教学改革刍议——基于“语言输入假说”和“情感过滤假说”

＂语言输入假说＂和＂情感过滤假说＂是二语习得领域的重要理论,以该假说为依据,分析了普通工科高等院校艺术专业英语教学存在的几个问题,并提出了解决问题的办法。     

科学认识的模式——以微血管减压术的发展为例

科学认识的发展不是随机的和无序的,而是遵循一定的模式。临床医学中的微血管减压术是现代临床医学中的一种常用的术式,它在提出之后经历了在治疗三叉神经痛和面肌痉挛等病症中的不断发展、完善和推广,这一过程证明了科学认识的发展需要经历实验尝试、提出假说、实践检验和推广应用等环节才会最终为人们所承认和接受。假说是一种理论模型,是科学家们在经验的基础上建构出来的,随着人类科学认识的不断进步,这种模型与真实世界之间将趋向最高程度的一致性关系。     

论二语习得中的输出假设

在二语习得过程中,只有在Krashen的理解性输入和Swain的输出假设的相互配合之下,语言学习者才能流利、准确地掌握和运用目标语。本文旨在阐释Swain输出假设的四项功能及如何确保有效输出。