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101.
Limited research on professional women's labour force re‐entry after a career break (so‐called ‘opting out’) finds that women redirect away from former careers. Little is known about why this occurs. Our study, based on in‐depth interviews with 54 at‐home mothers, extends prior research to address this question. We find that among women who intended to return to work (who constitute the majority), most planned to pursue alternative careers, typically in traditionally female‐dominated professions or were uncertain about their career direction; few planned to return to their former employers. The reasons for this redirection were women's negative experiences in family inflexible occupations, skill depreciation and perceived age discrimination. Equally or more important, however, was their adaptation to new constraints and opportunities at home (such as increased involvement in mothering and community work), which engendered an aspirational shift towards new, care‐oriented professions that were lower paid and had lower status. We discuss the policy implications of these findings. 相似文献
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103.
陈夫龙 《山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2009,54(5):24-28
茅盾、郑振铎和瞿秋白站在革命者的立场上,从思想革命、政治革命和民族救亡的现实利益出发,以现代知识分子的精英意识,对侠文化和武侠小说及人们对其迷恋中所反映出来的国民性或民族性展开文化反思;为了现实斗争的需要,从思想倾向上对侠文化和武侠小说进行彻底批判乃至完全否定。他们的侠文化批评话语带有鲜明的政治功利色彩,也深深地打上了时代的、阶级的烙印。在当时的历史文化语境下,这种批评话语具有历史的合理性与时代的进步意义,但对其局限性也必须保持清醒的认识。 相似文献
104.
Conditional power calculations are frequently used to guide the decision whether or not to stop a trial for futility or to modify planned sample size. These ignore the information in short‐term endpoints and baseline covariates, and thereby do not make fully efficient use of the information in the data. We therefore propose an interim decision procedure based on the conditional power approach which exploits the information contained in baseline covariates and short‐term endpoints. We will realize this by considering the estimation of the treatment effect at the interim analysis as a missing data problem. This problem is addressed by employing specific prediction models for the long‐term endpoint which enable the incorporation of baseline covariates and multiple short‐term endpoints. We show that the proposed procedure leads to an efficiency gain and a reduced sample size, without compromising the Type I error rate of the procedure, even when the adopted prediction models are misspecified. In particular, implementing our proposal in the conditional power approach enables earlier decisions relative to standard approaches, whilst controlling the probability of an incorrect decision. This time gain results in a lower expected number of recruited patients in case of stopping for futility, such that fewer patients receive the futile regimen. We explain how these methods can be used in adaptive designs with unblinded sample size re‐assessment based on the inverse normal P‐value combination method to control Type I error. We support the proposal by Monte Carlo simulations based on data from a real clinical trial. 相似文献
105.
Proschan, Brittain, and Kammerman made a very interesting observation that for some examples of the unequal allocation minimization, the mean of the unconditional randomization distribution is shifted away from 0. Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev linked this phenomenon to the variations in the allocation ratio from allocation to allocation in the examples considered in the paper by Proschan et al. and advocated the use of unequal allocation procedures that preserve the allocation ratio at every step. In this paper, we show that the shift phenomenon extends to very common settings: using conditional randomization test in a study with equal allocation. This phenomenon has the same cause: variations in the allocation ratio among the allocation sequences in the conditional reference set, not previously noted. We consider two kinds of conditional randomization tests. The first kind is the often used randomization test that conditions on the treatment group totals; we describe the variations in the conditional allocation ratio with this test on examples of permuted block randomization and biased coin randomization. The second kind is the randomization test proposed by Zheng and Zelen for a multicenter trial with permuted block central allocation that conditions on the within‐center treatment totals. On the basis of the sequence of conditional allocation ratios, we derive the value of the shift in the conditional randomization distribution for specific vector of responses and the expected value of the shift when responses are independent identically distributed random variables. We discuss the asymptotic behavior of the shift for the two types of tests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
陈垣和傅斯年作为中国二十世纪的两位史学大师,其治学风格有异有同。他们一重“土法”,一用“洋法”,但都以史料为治史的基点,以发扬民族文化为治史的理念,留下了丰富的史学遗产。 相似文献
107.
Marilyn O'Neill 《Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy》2009,30(2):132-141
A reflection written on the 20th anniversary of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy and around the first anniversary of the death of its first editor and respected Narrative therapist, author and theorist Michael White. This article reviews the influence of Michael White on the work and life of the author. In this reflection, it reviews some of the significant features of Michael White's teaching, which allows a consideration of claims of ‘guru‐ism’ occasionally related to Michael White's work. 相似文献
108.
从信息论角度谈汉字的认知 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
张其昀 《扬州大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2003,7(1):47-52
从信息论角度来说 ,汉字在构造和序列这两个认知层次上都有较高的信息冗馀度 ,因而 :其单字易于复认 ,这既表现为单字笔画或部件的可有可无、可此可彼、可整可零 ,又表现为单字之间的形体区别性大 ;其单字序列易于扫读 ,这既表现为单字的可预测和可逆推 ,又表现为单字的易于复认。较之拼音文字 ,汉字表现出一定的易于认知的特点 相似文献
109.
林军 《绍兴文理学院学报》2003,23(6):42-43
诸子学研究的兴起,是清代乾嘉时期学术界中的重要动向。乾嘉诸子学研究包含了对中国传统思想文化进行 重新评价和学统重建的意图,具有了“近代指向”的文化意义。诸子学在晚清的复兴也是在前者的基础上展开的。 相似文献
110.
青海西羌部落之所以衰败,究其原因在于:恶劣的地理环境导致经济落后,进而影响其社会自然进程的发展。同时,外来势力的介入导致羌人被屠杀和被肢解的历史命运。 相似文献