社会保险制度中社会风险的产生、内涵及应对*

社会风险是社会保险制度存在的前提,没有社会风险,就不会有社会保险。从风险、风险社会及社会风险这些相关概念出发,全面阐述社会保险制度中社会风险的产生及其发展路径,发现社会保险制度上所应对的社会风险是一种中度危险的风险事故,有着自身特定的制度内涵。在此基础上,从作为技术途径的保险原则与社会保险权之权利规则的两个视角分析了社会保险制度对社会风险的应对原理、机制与优势。     

我国跨行政区流域生态补偿机制研究 ——以淮河流域、太湖流域为例

流域生态补偿是利用经济手段对流域生态的外部性进行矫正的一种手段。政府强干预型与市场主导型的流域生态补偿机制都各有优缺点。当前,我国流域生态补偿存在法律机制尚不完善,水资源的产权模糊,补偿主体不明确,补偿方式单一,公民参与渠道不畅等困境。为构建高效的跨行政区流域生态补偿机制,必须制定专门性的流域生态补偿法律,充分发挥地方立法的自主性,健全流域生态补偿的法律体系;既要在近期充分发挥政府在流域生态补偿中的主导作用,又要在远期着眼于建立市场手段为主的流域生态补偿机制;拓宽公众参与途径,建立信息公开机制以及公众参与的经济激励机制,以提升流域生态补偿的制度认可度与制度效用。     

‘Scarier than another storm’: values at risk in the mapping and insuring of US floodplains

How do people respond to the ways in which insurance mediates environmental risks? Socio‐cultural risk research has characterized and analyzed the experiential dimension of risk, but has yet to focus on insurance, which is a key institution shaping how people understand and relate to risk. Insurance not only assesses and communicates risk; it also economizes it, making the problem on the ground not just one of risk, but also of value. This article addresses these issues with an investigation of the social life of the flood insurance rate map, the central technology of the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), as it grafts a new landscape of ‘value at risk’ onto the physical and social world of New York City in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Like other risk technologies, ubiquitous in modern societies as decision‐making and planning tools, the map disseminates information about value and risk in order to tame uncertainty and enable prudent action oriented toward the future. However, drawing together interview, ethnographic, and documentary data, I find that for its users on the ground, the map does not simply measure ‘value at risk’ in ways that produce clear strategies for protecting property values from flooding. Instead, it puts values‐beyond simply the financial worth of places‐at risk, as well as implicates past, present, and future risks beyond simply flooding. By informing and enlarging the stakes of what needs protecting, and from what, I argue that plural and interacting ‘values at risk’ shape how people live with and respond to environmental risks that are mediated by insurance technologies.     

Health insurance literacy: A mixed methods study of college students

Objective: This study examines the health insurance literacy, or the ability to use health insurance effectively, of college students. Participants: A total of 455 students from a large, public university completed an online questionnaire in November 2016. Methods: A questionnaire examined students’ knowledge of commonly encountered health insurance terms and ability to apply that knowledge to determine cost-sharing in a clinical setting. Results: The majority of students were able to correctly identify the most commonly encountered terms, but could not identify terms related to plan types and options. Eighty-eight percent of students could not determine their cost-sharing for two presented scenarios. Approximately half of the students indicated they had been confused about their health insurance plan, with one-quarter of students stopping or delaying medical care due to confusion. Conclusions: Outreach and education for students should target specific deficits in knowledge such as those identified in this study.     

Social health protection in Cambodia: Challenges of policy design and implementation

The Government of Cambodia is implementing ambitious reform initiatives to improve the country's social health protection system. In January 2018, it was announced that the Health Equity Fund (HEF), which is fully subsidized by a joint government‐donor initiative for the reimbursement of user fees for the poor at public health facilities, is to be expanded to some segments of informal workers belonging to associations, as well as to commune and village chiefs. Since 2017, the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) has provided social health insurance for formal economy workers in enterprises with eight employees or more. In January 2018, it was expanded to civil servants and all employees regardless of the size of the enterprise. However, this article highlights that the new ambitious reforms are not accompanied by careful planning as regards funding, service delivery, human resources and institutional design. This article therefore aims to examine key policy issues and challenges for Cambodia's ambitious reform of its social health protection system in terms of resource generation, population coverage, strategic purchasing and governance.     

中国城市化进程中土地征用补偿边界分析

本文从失地农民的福利入手,分析了征地补偿的现实边界和理论边界。结果表明,政府垄断土地非农化市场严重低估了征地补偿标准,合理的征地补偿应该明晰失地农民的产权和引入市场竞争机制。     

中国上市公司高管薪酬与股权结构关系实证研究

选取2010--2012年A股市场全样本数据进行研究,统计分析发现上市公司高管薪酬三年间增长很快,且公司之间差距非常大。我国股权结构基本保持稳定,股权集中度较高。采用多元回归分析,在控制公司规模与公司绩效的情况下,发现A股市场总体上高管薪酬总额与股权集中度显著负相关。结果显示,在股权分散情况下内部人控制较明显。同时高管薪酬总额与公司绩效以及公司规模呈正相关,并分析其产生原因。     

新型农村社会养老保险基金收支测算分析——以宝鸡市为例

农村社会养老保险制度是农村养老保障体系的重要组成部分.陕西省宝鸡市于2007年率先在全国进行了新型农村社会养老保险的试点工作.该制度实行以来取得了较好的效果,维护了农民的养老保障权益,为全国新型农村社会养老保险制度的建设和实行积累了经验.但是随着该制度的推广和时间的推移,能否持续稳定运行以渡过人口老龄化高峰期仍需进一步验证.基于宝鸡市的数据,利用模型构建测算了养老保险基金累积结余变化情况,提出了政策建议.     

国外立法对我国农村医疗保障制度的启示

我国是农业大国,农村人口占全国总人口的百分之70到80,大多数农村人口收益低微,＂看病难、看病贵＂的问题非常突出,因此,对广大农民健康的关注以及农村医疗保障改革,已经成为我国社会保障体系建设的重中之重。在＂新医改方案＂出台的大背景下,通过比较外国相关法律制度,对我国农村医疗保障的现有制度和不足进行研究与分析,提出进行改革和完善的对策,从而切实维护和保障广大农民的权益,落实宪法和法律的要求。     

松花江水污染事件与流域生态补偿的制度构建

通过对松花江水污染事件的反省,探讨我国流域生态补偿制度的构建问题。认为水污染事件背后是分处松花江上下游的吉林和黑龙江两省之间基于“相互性”而长期存在的利益冲突,构建流域生态补偿的法律制度是化解矛盾的主要方法。流域生态补偿法律制度的框架包括补偿主体与受偿主体、补偿资金的筹集、流域生态补偿管理机构以及补偿资金的支付等内容。