中国城市空气质量的“春节效应”分析——来自31个重点城市的经验证据

近年来,空气污染成为大家十分关注的话题。2014年春节期间,山东、河北、江苏、陕西等省份的多个城市空气质量指数频频爆表,出现了严重的空气污染。分别以2007-2012年、2014年31个重点城市春节期间及其前后的空气质量指数、污染物排放量及人口密度、工业比重、所处区域、客运量等资料为基础,分析了31个重点城市空气质量是否存在显著的"春节效应"。研究表明,城市空气质量的"春节效应"主要表现为"节后效应"。春节期间的空气污染指数比非春节期间高出约6.37%,集中供暖区域的空气污染指数比非集中供暖区域高出约37.04%。2014年城市空气质量存在显著"节后效应"的主要原因是PM2.5、PM10在春节期间的排放量显著高于春节后的排放量。从总量上严格控制春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放数量,并尽快改善北方城市的供暖方式、供暖来源应作为防治空气污染的考虑方向。     

通风与空调工程漏风量测试装置的改进

风管漏风量的大小是检验通风与空调系统工程质量和降低能耗的一项重要指标，以“通风与空调工程施工及验收规范GB50243－97”的一项新增条款为依据，对漏风量测试装置作了分析，着重对以孔板作节流元件的风管式漏风测试装置在风压调整及自动取压两方面作了改进，并做了相应的试验，为新规范在行业内的实施与推广作必要的准备。     

Comparing Estimates of the Effects of Air Pollution on Human Mortality Obtained Using Different Regression Methodologies

Studies using regression techniques report their results using a variety of statistics. Evaluation of the consistency of findings, such as in a metaanalysis, requires calculating the statistical estimates of the effect reported in each study in a comparable manner. In this paper, we consider multiple linear regression, multiple Poisson regression, and logistic regression estimates. We present results that are needed to calculate, on a common basis, the slope of the regression function at a specified value, the elasticity function of the regression function at a specified value, the relative risk at a specified value, and the odds ratio at a specified value. We apply these results to studies of the association of daily mortality in an area to the daily air pollution level of ozone and PM₁₀. We calculate the estimated slope of the number of deaths per billion population associated with an increase of 1 ppb of ozone level in studies of daily mortality in three urban areas. These studies, in Los Angeles, New York, and St. Louis, produced very comparable results on a common basis, especially when compared to the coefficients as reported. We also calculated the estimated elasticity function of the daily mortality and daily PM₁₀ level for eight areas and found that the elasticities varied within a factor of roughly two, much less than the variability in the coefficients as reported.     

通用航空助飞\

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国际航空货运公约的冲突与协调

航空运输公约统一了航空货运领域的主要法律问题,旨在消除各国航空运输立法之间的冲突。但国际条约不存在统一的立法机构,多元化的立法主体在制定法律规则的过程中难以顾及所有相关公约的存在,因此条约冲突在所难免。国际运输公约之间的冲突表现为不同航空运输公约之间的冲突、航空运输公约与多式联运公约之间的冲突,以及航空运输公约和其他单一运输方式公约之间的冲突。这些以消除冲突为目标的国际立法,由于无力解决规范统一化的问题,所以不仅没有解决此前的规范碎片化的问题,反而使规范更加碎片化。这些冲突具有条约冲突的属性。探索解决这些条约冲突的具体方法,对航空货物运输争议解决的审判实践具有指导意义。     

劳动法上待命时间争议的认定

“备份飞行”是民航业上颇具特色的制度。空勤人员按航空公司指令进行等待所消耗的备份时间能否完全计入工作时间以及可否取得正常工资, 理论和实务皆存争议, 此类问题亦是工作时间法上典型疑难问题。根据备份期间所受拘束程度差异, 可对空勤人员备份时间进行类型化分析, 辨其属性, 应为劳动法上之待命时间。从劳动基准法保障劳动者享有基本劳动权益角度考量, 应将整个待命期间均认定为正常工作时间; 从工资给付的视角看, 应允许劳雇双方在不低于法定最低工资标准的前提下, 基于按劳付酬之工资给付法理, 遵循\     

Determination of a Tolerable Daily Intake of DDT for Consumers of DDT Contaminated Fish from the Lower Yakima River, Washington*

DDT, DDE, and DDD have been detected at elevated concentrations in sediments and fish of the Yakima River, its tributaries and drainages. An assessment was conducted to evaluate the public health significance of eating fish from the river. This was accomplished by establishing a daily intake level of DDT for the population of greatest concern, and comparing this level to a tolerable daily intake. The most sensitive and highly exposed group was determined to be breastfeeding infants. Infant daily intakes of DDT, based on estimated mother's DDT-breast milk levels, were compared to a recommended tolerable daily intake. Results indicate that mothers who frequently consume Yakima River bottom-feeding fish could have breast milk DDT concentrations sufficiently high to expose their infants to levels above the tolerable daily intake.     

Technical Uncertainty in Quantitative Policy Analysis — A Sulfur Air Pollution Example

Expert judgments expressed as subjective probability distributions provide an appropriate means of incorporating technical uncertainty in some quantitative policy studies. Judgments and distributions obtained from several experts allow one to explore the extent to which the conclusions reached in such a study depend on which expert one talks to. For the case of sulfur air pollution from coal-fired power plants, estimates of sulfur mass balance as a function of plume flight time are shown to vary little across the range of opinions of leading atmospheric scientists while estimates of possible health impacts are shown to vary widely across the range of opinions of leading scientists in air pollution health effects.     

从“包头空难”看国际航空私法中的“深口袋被告”

文章以“包头空难”为切入点,重点阐述了主要航空大国特别是美国“深口袋被告”的理论与实践,并从理论与现实基础两个角度论证了中国采用“深口袋被告”的现实可行性。     

中国古代"阴阳"物质观形成初探

"阴阳"物质观念的形成经历了原始阴阳观念、气分阴阳观念和科学阴阳观念三个历史阶段,中国古代贤哲制造了土圭、阳燧等工具并进行了长期的高山探索,证明了阴阳现象的物质基础.