Community involvement in land regularization for informal settlements in Tanzania: A strategy for enhancing security of tenure in residential neighborhoods

This paper documents and analyzes how landholders managed to uplift status of their neighborhood from hazard land as designated by the 1978 master plan to a regularized residential settlement through land regularization in Dar es Salaam city. Specifically, explores policy framework governing land regularization and how the local community explored the opportunities it offers. Documents the local community planning and land regularization processes undertaken focusing on land use planning, drainage construction, and cadastral survey and discuses how financial resources were raised, trust was built as well as factors which sustained community involvement towards meeting their interests of securing tenure. The paper also, draws challenges facing land regularization policy and recommends areas for further interventions commensurate with the human dimension challenges in securing tenure.Underlying community involvement, those aspects of community, which have been connected to the idea of social capital namely existence of committed leadership in land development matters, embracing mechanism for participatory decision making process and educational background to local leaders were particularly important in determining success for the case. Others include economic ability to contribute, high proportion of landholder settlers, land conflict task force formulation, local consensus to solve commonly felt problems, existence of strong community organization, and unwritten norms put in place to regulate individual behavior in building construction. Weak legal recognition of informal settlement, lengthy and bureaucratic procedures in planning and approval of regularization plans, weak knowledge on land management matters, short-term title deeds with low financial betterments, political popularity are identified critical challenges.Some of recommendations put forward include formalization of the grass-roots role in decision-making, decentralizing some of land development control functions to sub-ward leaders and training the same in basic land management matters. Others include definition of norms; by-laws and government facilitation of informal land parceling. Besides community support should be sought so as to create partnership in the promotion of security of tenure in informal areas. The study concludes that, unless land development activities ongoing in informal settlements are closely monitored and regulated as the settlement grow, it will be too costly socially and economically to retrofit once the settlement have identified.     

Qualified privilege: A defense for the public relations function

Technology continues to challenge the public relations practitioner to find ways to inform key constituents. The new technology has given rise to the “new journalism” that includes a declining traditional media and exploding internet media filled with websites and bloggers. The question posed by this research asks: Does the public relations practitioner inherit the same protection offered by “qualified privilege” that is most often associated with the traditional “press” or “reporter?” The research lays a foundation with an examination of defamation and the defense of qualified privilege. The research concludes that if information gathered by the public relations practitioner meets the “intent” and “content” tests, the information qualifies as news. Passing the “news” test, the defense of “qualified privilege” also attaches to the public relations practitioner.     

论陕西文学的传奇性

新时期陕西文学特色鲜明:除了内容上作家们对积淀深厚的黄土地农耕文化的深刻把握以外,在表现形式上最突出的特点便是对中国古代传奇性手法的创新运用;作家们通过传奇与历史典藉的粘贴,传奇与通俗性的并轨,形成了表达方式的可信性:在故事情节的创构上,作家们以巧取胜,创造出离奇合理的审美效果,通过夸张变形,渲染出超常规的艺术境界,取得了出入预料的艺术效果;与传统的传奇手法的“内容则为大众的情绪与思想”更为丰富,陕西作家注重文学与时代的联结,使传奇与侠义、传奇与救世理想在新时期文学中形成了多层面多角度的意蕴阐释。     

从汉魏笔记小说的“实录”到唐代传奇小说的“作意”、“幻设”看小说家的创作心态的变化

汉魏六朝小说重“实录”,唐传奇则讲究“作意”、“幻设”,即重虚构。这种带有根本性质的观念变化,使得依附于史传的笔记体小说,一变而为具有虚构意义和主观创作意识的独立小说文体。在这个转变过程中,唐人“好奇”、“逞才”的心态起到了至关重要的作用。这种心态促进了小说家主观创作意识的产生,使之“作意好奇”,逞其“意想”,展示其才华。因而对于小说脱离史传的附庸地位,成为具有独立意义的小说文体有着极为重要的意义。     

小说化:民族志书写的一种可能性

传统民族志的文化书写在小说与民族志之间人为划定了严格的界限,它重视概括性事实而回避故事讲述和故事中的单个人物,更谈不上中心人物的深度塑造。实验民族志这种书写范式的出现为借用小说叙事和人物塑造来集中地、戏剧性地展示对象的人文事实、心理事实及其内在意义提供了可能性。     

秦汉时西南地区外来移民的迁徙特点及在边疆开发中的作用

秦汉数百年间,西南地区步入自身发展史上的重要阶段,通过各种途径进入西南地区的外来移民具有鲜明的迁徙特点,他们在促使当地人口增长、支持郡县设置、引进先进技术、传播封建文化、推动边疆开发和疆域形成以及稳定当地局势等历史进程中发挥了重大作用。     

试述台湾少年团在抗战中的宣传活动

1937年开始的抗日战争是中华民族抗击日本侵略的战争。大陆的中华儿女和海外炎黄子孙,包括广大的台港澳同胞都参加了抗战。他们当中,不仅有青壮年,还有老人和儿童。台湾少年团只是活跃在祖国抗日战场上的千万个儿童抗日团体之一,但其抗日活动有鲜明的特点。本文拟通过对台湾少年团在抗战中的宣传鼓动活动的考述,突出台湾少年为民族解放战争作出的贡献,再现其爱国精神和期盼祖国统一的心愿。     

“生态人”价值观新论

“生态人”价值观是一个新概念。“生态人”的价值观作为一种新的价值观体现为自然生态价值观和社会生态价值观两个方面。“生态人”价值观与生态价值观比较,并不是只多加了一个“人”字的问题,它具有生态价值观所无可比拟的新意。其新意表现在以下几个方面:一是对传统价值观革命性的否定;二是对解决生态问题的创新性意义;三是对人与自然和谐发展规律的深化性认识。     

融贯中西与古今文化诗学的意象体系——鲁迅诗歌意象的类型分析

意象是诗歌的生命。鲁迅诗歌使用了大量的审美意象,融贯中西与古今文化诗学,形成了自己独立的体系。鲁迅诗歌意象为六种类型,以三组对立的形态出现,即:历史性意象/现实性意象;东方意象/西方意象;社会性意象/人化自然的意象。这些意象的使用,昭示了鲁迅忧国忧民的伟大人格,并形成鲁迅自己独特的诗风。同时,他的诗歌与我国传统诗歌相比较,具有鲜明的现代性,与后起的新诗相比,又具有深厚的传统文化诗学的底蕴。     

资本结构研究的新发展:基于战略视角

从战略的角度看,企业的资本结构决策是基于公司战略、竞争战略以及企业所面临的竞争环境所作出的理性选择。把战略与资本结构连接,开辟了资本结构研究的新领域。企业的战略类型、企业管理者对风险的态度、企业所面临的竞争环境等战略因素对资本结构有着重要影响。