Mechanical tasting: sensory science and the flavorization of food production

The paper narrates the history of “texturometers”, devices that imitate the human biting mechanism and are used by food scientists in experiments on food texture. Two interrelated processes, characteristic of the emergence of industrialized food production in the twentieth century, are examined through this history of mechanical tasting. First, the paper surveys the pervasive project of transforming the phenomenological qualities of flavor and food texture into robust “objective” and “standardized” data. In constructing and using biomimetic texturometers, food sensory scientists attempted to translate texture qualities such as tenderness, crispness, crunch and chewiness into codified properties by producing formal definitions and graphical representations – an example of how the pursuit of objectivity and standardized knowledge coevolved with the rise of mass production and the emergence of sensory sciences. Secondly, the texturometers are related to an overall “flavorization”; that is, a historical process by which the complexes of sensory impressions became increasingly important for the production and consumption of food in late-modern industrialized societies.     

Why is the History of Heterosexuality Essential? Beliefs About the History of Sexuality and Their Relationship to Sexual Prejudice

Heterosexual people with more positive attitudes to lesbians and gay men generally believe that homosexuality is immutable, is not a discrete social category, and that homosexuality exists in all cultures and time periods. Equivalent beliefs about heterosexuality and beliefs about components of sexuality have been less often researched. 136 people with diverse sexualities described heterosexuality as more universal across history and culture than homosexuality (Study 1). 69 heterosexual-identified participants similarly believed that love, identity, behavior, and desire were more historically invariant aspects of heterosexuality than of homosexuality (Study 2). Less prejudiced participants thought all components of homosexuality—except for identity—were more historically invariant. Teasing apart beliefs about the history of components of heterosexuality and homosexuality suggests that there is no “essential” relationship between sexual prejudice and the tension between essentialist and constructivist views about the history of sexual identity.     

朝鲜人眼中的日本近代城市——以1881年“朝士视察团”的记录为中心

"朝士视察团"考察报告中有关城市社会生活的记载,浓缩了1868-1881年间,明治政府为实现"富国强兵"、"脱亚入欧"和"文明开化"的基本国策,在科学技术、文化教育、思想风尚、生活方式等领域推行的近代化运动和业已取得的斐然成绩,全面展现了日本社会在明治维新之后发生的巨变。此期的日本城市既是日本近代化的产物,又是日本近代化的见证者、亲历者,它从外延和内涵两个方面佐证了日本在近代化道路上的起步、迅跑。该考察报告,实际上是一篇日本近代化的全记录。     

从革命文化到红色文化：一项概念史的研究与分析

方兴未艾的中国红色文化研究,首先需要面对的是从革命文化到红色文化的概念转换,这一概念转换以及与当下社会语境的关联,是当前文化研究中特别值得注意的学术现象,但学界对之探究甚少。这里尝试构建适应红色文化研究的概念逻辑,采用概念史的研究方法,对革命文化向红色文化的概念转换加以研究。革命文化与红色文化都是以革命为主导理念的文化形态;但红色文化同时还是当前特别值得关注的文化现象。这一概念转换是在重新认识革命与革命文化的时代语境下发生的,红色教育、红色旅游与红色文化产业开发,是红色文化兴起的主要契机,凸显了当前社会对革命文化的资源属性的高度重视,体现了后革命时代境遇下革命话语的转型。     

20世纪金宋关系史论著目录--建国前

据不完全统计，1911至1949年间共出版、发表涉及金宋关系史著作、论文205余部、篇，其中著作49部，论文156余篇。目录分为著作、史料与文献、金宋和战、经济交流、人物、其他6类。     

外国新闻史教材存在问题及对策分析

外国新闻史是新闻传播类专业本科阶段的必修课,师生共同关心教材的选用。综观目前正规出版的教材,问题不容忽视,包括翻译不规范、基本史料表述不一、史观带有浓厚的意识形态色彩等。这些问题给学生带来困惑,给教学带来困难。解决的办法首先是要重视规范,遵守约定俗成的规则,其次要改变既有思维,学会客观、理性地对待他国新闻传播史。     

思想自由·独立思考·大胆质疑——“史学现代化”国际学术研讨会概述

学者们在"史学现代化"国际学术研讨会上就会议主题包括历史的规律、属性、功能与原因、史学观念以及主体与客体、史学现代化的内涵与趋向等史学理论和方法诸重要议题进行了热烈而深入的探讨,并且在有关问题上达成了一定的共识。这无疑会有益于丰富、充实史学的内容,从而把史学现代化推向新高度。     

Examining Outpatient Health Care Utilization Among Adults with Severe or Profound Intellectual Disabilities Living in an Urban Setting

Abstract

The present study examined the health status and outpatient health care utilization among 52 adults with severe or profound intellectual disabilities (IDs) living with their families or in group homes in New York City. Bivariate and regression analyses among demographic variables, medical conditions, health care utilization, and type of living situation were conducted. Findings indicate that demographic factors andhealth statuses were similar regardless of living situation, except for ageand the presence of Down Syndrome, that is, younger people and people with Down Syndrome were more likely to live with family than in group homes. The results indicated that regardless of where they lived, individuals had high rates (70%) of overweight/obesity. The mean number of internal medicine, specialty medicine, nursing, and total clinic visits were significantly higher for those living in group homes compared to those living with their families. The findings and their implications are discussed with respect to social work policy and practice.     

“春秋笔法”与唐代小说叙事谋略探微

唐代尚史之风弥漫于文坛,造就了小说家特定的知识结构,从而赋予他们以突出的"史才";而许多唐代小说又多与当时的政治现实密切相联,为能自由地抒情言志、寄寓褒贬,于是源于历史叙事传统的"春秋笔法"便成为唐代小说家重要的叙事谋略."春秋笔法"的内涵为:作者不作论断,而是将自己的主观褒贬暗寓于客观冷静的叙事之中;叙事隐晦深曲,讲究匣剑帏灯、旁敲侧击.此二法在唐代小说中得到了充分显示.     

北魏王国国史案的背后——一场特殊形态的华夷文化冲突

北魏王国史上有一个国史案问题,本文从中华文化史学视角揭示国史案背后的华夷文化冲突。文章就"从邓渊到崔浩"、"崔浩的‘国史案’"、"崔浩其人"、"说中华史家之实录传统"四个方面展开讨论。