Intergenerational Transmission and the Formation of Cultural Orientations in Adolescence and Young Adulthood

In this article we wanted to shed light on the intergenerational transmission and the formation of cultural orientations in adolescence. The intergenerational transmission was analyzed in different age groups in a longitudinal design (orientations of parents and their adolescent children were measured twice, with a time lapse of 3 years). Results clearly revealed that late adolescence is the “formative phase” for the establishment of cultural orientations and suggested that psychological processes such as internalization are guiding this formation. This internalization was found for all investigated orientations. In addition, as adolescents grew older, their susceptibility to parental orientations diminished, but, in contrast, parents did not become more susceptible to their children's orientations. No age effects in sociocultural influences were found. It was concluded that the investigated sociocultural influences should be seen as providing a structural context within which the formation of orientations in adolescence takes place.     

美国联邦政府社区“一老一小”代际间互助项目的价值取向与运行机制——美国代理祖父母志愿者项目的经验

美国代理祖父母志愿者项目是借助代际间服务型学习方法,以满足社区需求为导向,利用各类资源实施的一种社区教育和服务活动,旨在改善老年人生活质量,促进老年人和儿童青少年共同发展,构建互利共生社区服务型学习生态。其运行机制包括涵盖招募选拔、志愿者培训、服务实践和绩效评估四个环节及分工明确的协同合作。其项目实践以循证服务模式为依托,项目设计与运行保持了一定的自主性,效果评估体现了综合多维性。美国代理祖父母志愿者项目可以为我国发挥社区作用,推动社区教育发展,促进养老托幼一体化服务建设,构建互利共生的服务型学习生态提供参考借鉴。     

代际交换:隔代抚养的实质与挑战

隔代抚养是当下普遍存在于我国城乡家庭中祖辈参与或独立抚养孙辈的一种照护形式。根据祖辈投入到抚养孙辈的责任大小、时间长短及角色定位的不同可以将其划分为“部分转让,较完善替代”“部分转让,局部替代”“全部转让,局部替代”以及“全部转让,较完善替代”四种类型。隔代抚养虽然存在诸多问题,但具有现实的合理性和必然性,是理性互惠与利他主义原则的有机结合,包含了物质服务及心理在内的代际传承与代际交换。这种抚养方式促进了家庭人口的流动,增强了家庭代际互动,同时增加了家庭成员的角色冲突与代际矛盾,形塑出新型代际关系。为此,要抛弃隔代抚养剥削论或义务论而强化代际依存和互惠共赢观念,发挥政府在隔代抚养中的政策引导作用,积极整合力量开展广泛的社区照顾服务,增进祖辈老人的社会适应与社会融入问题。     

The Prosecution's Use of Social Science Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Cases

Six different categories of social science expert testimony presented by the prosecution regarding behaviors of child sexual abuse victims are described and analyzed in relation to national case law trends. Problems with the admissibility of several forms of such testimony are discussed in terms of legal requirements for expert testimony, prior knowledge of the issues held by jurors, reliability of the social science research regarding child sexual abuse, and the prejudicial impact on jurors. Finally, recommendations are made to limit the use of most forms of testimony (except rehabilitative testimony), conduct further research on certain issues, and convene a multi-disciplinary symposium and publish, in a reputable journal, papers from the symposium that analyze the issues, explore areas of consensus, and suggest future directions in this area.     

Explaining the Gender Gap in Help to Parents: The Importance of Employment

Although it is well established that adult daughters spend more time giving assistance to their parents than do sons, the sources of this gender gap are not well understood. This paper asks: To what extent can this gap be explained by structural variation, especially the different rates of employment and kinds of jobs that women and men tend to hold? Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 7,350), the paper shows that both employment status and job characteristics, especially wages and self‐employment, are important factors in explaining the gender gap in the help given to parents, and that these operate similarly for women and men.     

Legacy Volunteering: A Test of Two Theories of Intergenerational Transmission

Sociological theory suggests two reasons that volunteering runs in families. The first is that parents act as role models. The second is that parents who volunteer pass on the socioeconomic resources needed to do volunteer work. Panel data from two generations of women (N = 1,848) are analyzed to see how much influence family socioeconomic status and mother's volunteering have on daughter's volunteer careers. More highly educated women and women whose mothers volunteered donate more hours initially, but only family socioeconomic status increases volunteering over the life course.     

农村互助养老的历史演进、实践模式与发展走向

农村互助养老作为一种极具本土化色彩和社区重建思想的新型就地养老方式,对于推进农村社区建设和文化建设具有重要意义。从纵向时间维度对唐朝的农社、宋代的义庄、清朝的太监庙和姑婆屋、“大跃进”时期的福利生产养老组织等互助养老雏形进行了梳理,并从横向空间维度对当代涌现的政府主导、民间支持和精英带动3种互助养老类型及适应性问题进行了分析。在此基础上,从立足互助传统、整合社区资源、拓展互助范围、创新互助形式4个层面,提出了促进互助养老从“民间互助”向“规范互助”、从“一元互助”向“多元互助”、从“老老互助”向“代际互助”、从“志愿互助”向“储蓄互助”转变的发展思路。     

农户非农就业的代际分工对农地流转行为的影响——基于农业生产服务外包的中介效应分析

基于粮食主产区4省12县960户农户的实地调研数据,实证研究农户非农就业的代际分工对农地流转行为的差异化影响,并分析农业生产服务外包在非农就业对农地流转行为的中介效应。研究发现:(1)整体来看,非农就业对农地转出行为具有显著的正向影响,而对转入行为具有显著的负向影响;从代际差异来看,父代非农就业对农地流转的边际影响大于子代非农就业对农地流转的边际影响。(2)在考虑生产服务外包的影响以后,非农就业对农地转出的促进作用下降,而对农地转入的抑制作用也有所缓解,这说明生产服务外包在非农就业对农地流转行为的影响中具有中介效应。如果不考虑生产服务外包的影响,现有研究高估了非农就业对农地流转市场发育的驱动效应。因此,实现农地的适度规模化经营不能只单纯依靠劳动力市场的引领作用,同时要充分发挥农业生产服务外包市场优势,将小农户卷入农业分工,实现小农户和现代农业发展的有机衔接。     

A Review of Data Based Studies Addressing the Affects of Homosexual Parenting on Children's Sexual and Social Functioning

Part of the intellectual and political movement to provide homosexuals equal rights and opportunities under the law extends to homosexuals and bisexuals seeking custody of their biological children after divorce and/or custody of an adopted child. Family courts take into consideration parents' sexual orientation when considering custody decisions. To date, the data based research on children reared by homosexual parents is sparse. A search of the published literature identified fourteen data based studies which addressed some aspect of homosexual parenting and its effects on children. Each study was evaluated according to accepted standards of scientific inquiry. The most impressive finding was that all of the studies lacked external validity, and not a single study represented any sub-population of homosexual parents. Three studies met minimal or higher standards of internal validity, while the remaining eleven presented moderate to fatal threats to internal validity. The conclusion that there are no significant differences in children reared by lesbian mothers versus heterosexual mothers is not supported by the published research data base.