Teacher–Child Relationships from Kindergarten to Sixth Grade: Early Childhood Predictors of Teacher-perceived Conflict and Closeness

This article examined general trends in teacher-reported conflict and closeness among 878 children from kindergarten through sixth grade, and examined early childhood characteristics that predict differences in initial levels and growth of conflict and closeness over time. Results indicated modest stability of teacher-perceived conflict and closeness through sixth grade, with relatively greater stability in perceptions of conflict. Levels of conflict at kindergarten were higher for children who were male, Black, had greater mean hours of childcare, had lower academic achievement scores, and had greater externalizing behavior. Children identified as Black and those with less sensitive mothers were at greater risk for increased conflict with teachers over time. Levels of teacher-reported closeness were lower when children were male, had lower quality home environments, and had lower academic achievement scores. The gap in closeness ratings between males and females increased in the middle elementary school years. Additional analyses were conduced to explore differences in teacher ratings of conflict between Black and White students.     

Intervention with Families in Extreme Distress (FED)

The FED (Families in Extreme Distress) Project described in this article was developed as an intervention model for families in extreme distress. The concept of families in extreme distress includes not only those families which have been widely regarded as multi-problem families for decades, but also those which may appear to be like any other middle class family. The dis- organization in family functioning that is created by an interaction of many problems results in a durable distress which is repeated throughout successive generations. The intervention design of this project was structured and short- term, and each family in the group met once a week in their own home for ten sessions with a therapeutic team composed of three workers. The target of the intervention was the functioning of the entire family as a unit; and goals included clarifying boundaries, strengthening roles, and developing a communication system. Analysis of the therapeutic sessions revealed several techniques which are useful for intervention with the FED population. The intervention process with these families should be multilevel and case management should not only include providing family therapy, but also advocating and mediating with various institutions in the community, as well as making connections for financial assistance.While some major policy changes may be required to meet the finan- cial and manpower needs involved in such a model, this demonstra- tion project indicates that investing the right resources is worthwhile for effecting change within the FED population.     

Rational-experiential thinking style and rational intergroup cooperation: the moderating role of intergroup conflict / Estilos de pensamiento racional-experiencial y la cooperación intergrupal racional: el rol modulador del conflicto intergrupal

Cooperative relationships between groups are difficult because of the high human capability to differentiate between in-group vs. out-group members. This obstacle exists even when the groups can obtain benefits for themselves from cooperation with other groups (rational cooperation). Based on an interactionist approach, the authors propose that personal (individual differences) and situational (conflicts) factors contribute to rational intergroup cooperation. The authors conducted a preliminary correlational study (Study 1) and an experimental investigation (Study 2). In Study 1, the authors examined, with 105 participants, the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Rational–Experiential Inventory (REI), measuring individual differences in information processing. In Study 2, the authors conducted an experimental investigation with 141 participants, testing the role of individual differences and conflict in intergroup rational cooperation. Findings of Study 1 showed that the scale has adequate psychometric properties. Results of Study 2 confirmed that the existence of both manipulated and perceived intergroup conflict reduces the magnitudes of the relationships between rational ability and rational cooperation. In addition, perceived intergroup conflict increased the magnitude of the links from experiential ability and experimental engagement to rational cooperation. Both individual differences and previous conflict have a role in predicting rational intergroup cooperation. According to the interactionist approach, personal and situational factors should be considered in the understanding of intergroup relationships.     

孟子内圣之道探赜

每个人本来具有的恻隐、羞恶、恭敬、是非之心是内圣之道的入手处,而此四心所本即为至善之心.体悟至善之心要从修心、知言、养气上下手,内圣之道由浅而深的六个次第是:善、信、美、大、圣、神.     

浅谈制药企业应收账款管理

通过分析制药企业面临的外部和内部环境，指出制药企业应收帐款管理存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了具体的应对措施。     

PRESTRUCTURING COOPERATION AMONG ACTING-OUT YOUTH

In the past 15 years, the authors and their students have frequently used the treasure hunt in activity treatment groups. Experience confirms that the planned use of the treasure hunt's activity structure has powerful treatment effects. Repeated student testimonials about the efficacy of the treasure hunt and the usefulness of this paper as an example of programming prompts us to share it with other practitioners. This paper is a case illustration of the planning and use of treasure hunt as a means of influencing behavioral change in a group of emotionally troubled boys, specifically how to prevent or eliminate destructive conflict and initiate cooperation. The practitioners intended change operations, the responses desired in the members, and a synopsis of outcomes are presented (c.f., Churchill, 1959).     

The Age Difference Between Spouses: Variations among Developing Countries

Sub-national and cross-national variations in the age difference between spouses are investigated with data from the World Fertility Survey relating to 29 developing countries. Substantial variation within and between countries is evident. Analysis suggests that the relative age of prospective spouses is a factor taken into account in the marriage market. Observed variation in the age difference, within and between countries, cannot be explained as the simple by-product of the random matching of independently determined distributions of men's and women's ages at marriage. Certain age differences are avoided, others chosen more frequently. Preferred age differences appear to differ in the societies studied, however, and this variation can be directly interpreted in terms of two sets of factors: kinship structure and women's roles. The analysis also suggests that demographic determinants of the age difference, in particular age constraints on the pool of possible matches, are of less importance in explaining societal variations than are social structural factors.     

从马克思到贝克：因“剩女”危机引发性别冲突的多维度比较分析

在社会转型与全球化语境下，“剩女”时代已经悄悄来临，性别冲突再次成为后现代社会人们热论的焦点话题。对于性别冲突问题的探究，同一国度的卡尔·马克思与乌尔里希·贝克皆有深刻的阐述。本文以“剩女”危机作为个案，阐述两位理论大师在性别冲突关注上的差异性，这对我们认识“剩女”危机有着重要的启迪。     

A Multi-National Study of Interparental Conflict,Parenting, and Adolescent Functioning

Abstract

This study assessed the associations between interparental conflict (IPC), parenting, and individual functioning among data gathered from school-going adolescents in Bangladesh, China, India, Bosnia, Germany, Palestine, Colombia, United States and three ethnic groups within South Africa. Specifically, we tested the validity of the spillover dynamic found in much research in the U.S., whereby marital conflict spills over into parenting and into the psychological and social functioning of children and adolescents. Previous analyses of these same data showed complete invariance in the linkages between parenting and adolescent functioning. This study thus provided a meaningful extension to the substantive literature on family processes. We followed recommendations within cross-cultural psychology to “transport and test” models validated in one culture to other cultures as an initial step in systematic comparative research. The findings revealed substantial invariance across the samples in documenting significant direct and indirect associations. Similar to prior research in the U.S., IPC was associated with youth outcomes directly, and more often indirectly, via parenting.     

土客籍矛盾与井冈山斗争

土客籍矛盾曾严重地影响了井冈山斗争时期根据地党的建设、政权建设、军队建设,是宛希先、袁文才、王佐等被错杀的一个重要原因。土客籍矛盾产生的根源在于随着客籍人大规模的迁入,土客籍在政治权利、经济利益以及文化、习俗、观念等方面产生矛盾,在井冈山根据地建设中则影响了党在群众中的基础、根据地的政权建设以及土地革命的进程。