我国东南“民工荒”问题的经济学分析

2004年在我国东南沿海地区首次出现了较大规模的民工短缺现象,被人们称之为“民工荒”。这一现象产生的主要原因是受民工工资水平低和农产品价格上涨的影响,其根本原因是由中国无限供给的廉价劳动力阻碍产业结构升级缓慢所致;解决“民工荒”问题的最有力的措施在于提高沿海土地价格迫使低级产业迁出,降低内地制度成本接纳迁出产业,在此基础上引进先技术设备,促进沿海地区企业技术迅速升级。     

Indicators and Indices of Child Well-being: A Brief American History

This paper traces the history of indicators and indices of child well-being from its origins in the social indicator movement of the 1970s through recent developments in the field. Initial work calling for comprehensive sets of indicators of child well-being and later recommendations for indicator improvement are detailed. Products that resulted from these recommendations, such as comprehensive indicator reports and online resources are described. The development of child well-being indices is shown to parallel the history of indicators. The contributions of state and international indicator and index projects are included as well. Important aspects of child well-being indicator development are uncovered through documenting its history, including the need to focus on subjective as well as objective measures of well-being, and the need to develop indicators for the multiple ecological contexts of children’s lives, but to separate measures of context from measures of child outcomes. A rough consensus emerges across the history of indicator efforts on the critical domains of child well-being: physical, psychological, cognitive, social, and economic well-being. Recent recognition of the importance of indicators of positive development is noted. This paper was funded by the KIDS COUNT project of the Annie E. Casey Foundation.     

Below-replacement fertility and prospects for labour force growth in Taiwan

Fertility in Taiwan had declined to replacement level in 1983. In 1986–1997, the total fertility rate dropped to 1.7–1.8, with continuing decreases observed in 1997–2001. Fertility will probably be sustained at the 2001 level of 1.48 or even decline further in the future. If the current fertility and labour-force participation rates persist, the size of the labour force will increase only slightly in the next 15 years and begin to shrink soon after 2015. After 2034, the labour force will fall below the current level and Taiwan will face a labour shortage. Though efficient, the policy option of importing more foreign workers is fraught with political sensitivities, especially given the current economic downturn and rising unemployment. Another policy approach, to increase the participation rates for women and mature men, would lead to growth in the labour supply sometime after 2030 and, combined with a modest increase in fertility, would prevent the labour force from falling below its current size in the next 50 years. Notwithstanding that any increase in fertility will have a delayed effect on labour supply, strong incentives are still required to affect fertility behaviour.     

Cross-Cultural Analyses of Determinants of Quality of Life and Mental Health: Results from the Eurohis Study

Recent projects on international instrument development have produced a wide array of health indicators that may be used for cross-cultural field-testing, however more information on their cross-cultural performance in relation to health determinants is necessary. The current study approaches one step for international conceptual validation by analysing the association between various health determinants and different types of health outcomes (mental health, quality of life) across a range of countries or geographical areas. The current study is based on the EUROHIS project that has been conducted in a sample of 4849 adults across 10 European countries. Results highlight that interactions between health determinants with subjective mental health, general health and quality of life (QoL) differ between Western European countries, Eastern European countries and the Newly Associated States as well as Israel. Using a MIMIC model approach, we were able to show that the impact of each of the sociodemographic variables cannot be interpreted on the basis of its single loading but only seeing the interacting with other indicators. Future studies should include sociodemographics in MIMIC models in each latent factor before carrying out regressions on a larger scale. Future investigations will require larger and representative samples to (a) test models on latent factors of mental health and QoL and (b) on the basis of these findings test overall structural models across countries.     

中国自由贸易区高质量发展:国内国际双循环相互促进的“啮合点”

在新冠肺炎疫情冲击、世界经济发展不确定性增强的形势下,习近平在明确国内循环为主体的基础上,进一步提出国内国际双循环相互促进发展的新型格局。对于国内与国际双循环如何实现良性互动,首先对自由贸易区的高质量发展进行了界定,提出了中国自由贸易区高质量发展是实现国内国际双循环相互促进的“啮合点”,并从中国自由贸易区区域价值链构建、市场规模扩张、一体化深度加强、自由化程度提升四个方面进行了论证。最后,从自由贸易区建设角度提出了实现国内国际双循环相互促进的政策保障措施。     

“十四五”中国农业对外开放：形势、问题与对策

农业对外开放是国家以开放化解挑战、促进中国与全球粮食安全的重大举措。在地缘政治竞争加剧、不确定性事件频发等因素的共同作用下,“十四五”全球各国的农业利益分歧仍将延续、发展差距将持续拉大、合作不确定性将显著加强,但依然存在广阔的合作共赢空间。中国农业对外开放需要瞄准国内国际两个维度以及粮食安全、产业竞争力与国际影响力三个层次目标,通过编制“十四五”农业对外合作规划、分区域分产品制定经贸合作策略、提升农业产业链价值链掌控能力、健全农业对外合作支撑与管理平台等手段,着力解决当前农业对外开放存在的渠道掌控力偏弱、风险与成本偏高、政策瓶颈明显、信息不对称突出等主要短板瓶颈,在不确定中寻找确定性、给不稳定的国际农业合作以更多的确定性,方可实现更高水平的农业对外开放。     

习近平法治思想指导下坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治

在高度全球化的当下,国际国内大局你中有我,我中有你,国内法治和涉外法治同步交织、相互影响。坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治是习近平总书记从法治助力中华民族伟大复兴的高度,从法治保障国家战略目标实现的维度,从国际秩序调整和全球治理完善的角度提出的重要命题,是习近平法治思想的核心命题之一。这是中国应对世界百年未有之大变局的最佳选择,是中国积极参与全球治理,推动国际关系民主化的必然选择。坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治,一方面要运用法治方式维护国家主权、安全、发展利益;另一方面要积极贡献中国方案和中国智慧,推动国际法治,构建人类命运共同体。     

美墨水债问题：国际水权纠纷的新发展

美墨水债问题是20世纪90年代以来,美国和墨西哥两国对其界河格兰德河开发利用中产生的国际水权纠纷。格兰德河的流域气候及双方在解决国际河流水资源的理念立场、制度安排决定了美墨水债问题的长期性和复杂性。未来两国不会因为水债问题推翻原有的国家间条约,缔结新的协议,而仍会在1906年、1944年水条约形成的基本条约框架内协调水债问题。美墨边境农民问题、美国新建边境墙问题、水流交付时间问题、生态环境保护问题、全美运河衬砌引起的边境地下水问题都会对水债问题产生影响。美墨水权纠纷的新发展可以为我国相关国际河流政策的制定提供一定的借鉴。     

转基因食品引发的国际贸易法律问题及对策

随着转基因技术的不断发展,转基因食品在国际贸易中的比重越来越大,由转基因食品引发的国际贸易争端也越来越多。世界贸易组织下的《技术性贸易壁垒协议》《实施卫生与动植物检疫措施协议》《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》对转基因食品贸易问题的规定与《生物多样性公约》《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的规定有冲突的地方。中国作为转基因作物的种植大国,要积极完善转基因标识制度,转基因安全评价制度、积极参与世贸组织谈判、参与制定新的规则,大力发展我国的转基因产品出口贸易。