Mission Impossible? Defining Nongovernmental Organizations

This paper provides a synopsis of current interpretations of the term nongovernmental organization (NGO). Although NGOs have become recognized actors in international affairs, particularly over the last decade, it has not yet been clearly defined what the term NGO encompasses. It is argued that two major tracks of NGO interpretations can be distinguished: the juridical approach, and the sociological perspective. In juridical studies, the emphasis is placed on the legal status of NGOs in the national context and their implications for international law. Sociological works, instead, are based on studies of societal actors, and try to capture the term while examining more specifically the composition and functions of NGOs in the transnational arena. Acknowledging both tracks, the paper concludes with a comprehensive definition of the term NGO.     

WTO与国家利益原则

各国的对外贸易政策无不遵循"国家利益原则",WTO规则的运行也是建立在正视国家利益的客观性差别的基础上的。因此,发展中国家也应该借助WTO规定的"其他缔约国不应谋求发展中国家做出有害其经济健全或发展的让步"等原则,促进民族经济的发展,实现工业化和现代化的目标。     

中国加入国际社会与早期中美教育交流

近代以来中国融入国际社会走了一条曲折的道路,付出了惨重的代价。中美交往的早期,美国以教育交流的方式对中国进行文化意识形态渗透。全球化时代,美国对中国的意识形态渗透仍然沿袭了这一传统方式。     

国际理解教育研究

国际理解教育是面向21世纪的新的教育观念,是推进世界和平的重要教育内容。分析国际理解教育产生的历史背景、发展阶段和主要内容并以英、美、日等国为例具体分析目前世界各国开展国际理解教育的具体措施并在我国中小学教育阶段开展积极有效的国际理解教育不无裨益。     

世界经济一体化与国际法地位之变化

随着世界经济一体化的渐进发展,国际社会也由单纯的国家间体制正逐步走向国家间体制和超国家体制并存的时代。受此影响,国际法的普遍性、规范性、效力性增强,国际公共体管制范围扩大,国际法逐渐向有组织的国际社会的法律发展。然而,国际法要进化为“世界法”仍只是遥远的理想,国际法的核心概念仍然是国家主权。     

国际贸易中计价货币选择决定因素的实证分析

基于20个国家的非平衡面板数据实证分析表明,经济实力、产品差异化程度、贸易市场份额、贸易地理方向、币值稳定性、国内金融市场深化程度等是决定一国货币能否在国际贸易中充当计价货币的主要因素。这些因素是一国经济实力、贸易实力和货币实力的集中体现,其中经济实力是基础,贸易实力是关键,货币实力是支撑。此外货币联盟也会提高区域统一货币在国际贸易中的计价地位。     

跨文化沟通与国际经济

搞好跨文化沟通是国际经济活动成功的重要条件.本文以西欧、美国、阿拉伯国家和日本为对象探讨其文化差异和沟通的途径.     

论中国航空运输责任赔偿制度的发展趋势

中国航空运输责任赔偿制度已经陈旧过时,所确定的人民币40万元的责任限额与社会经济发展状况已很不适应。保障人权、维护消费者权益是民主法治发展的必然趋势。民事损害赔偿法律制度从\     

Behavioural criteria of managerial and leadership effectiveness within Egyptian and British public sector hospitals: an empirical case study and multi-case/cross-nation comparative analysis

This paper reports the results of a study of managerial and leadership effectiveness carried out within an Egyptian public sector hospital in which concrete examples of ‘effective’ and ‘least effective/ineffective’ manager and managerial leader behaviour, as observed by superiors, peers and subordinates, were collected using the critical incident technique. These critical incidents were then content analyzed to identify a smaller number of discrete behavioural statements and criteria of effectiveness. The paper also reports the results of a subsequent comparative analysis of these Egyptian findings against equivalent behavioural criteria that emerged from studies in two different British NHS Trust hospitals. This latter multi-case/cross-nation study revealed high degrees of overlap, commonality, and relative generalization across all three organizations. The results lend strong empirical support to those who believe in ‘generic’ and ‘universalistic’ explanations of the nature of managerial and leadership effectiveness.     

The impact of international experience on cultural intelligence: an application of contact theory in a structured short-term programme

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of a short-term international experience, which is designed to address the conditions outlined in Allport’s (Allport, G.W. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Perseus Book Group) contact hypothesis, on each of the four factors which make up cultural intelligence (CQ). A sample of 135 university students was broken up into test and control groups. The results for the test group suggest that the short-term experience ranging from 7 to 12 days within a structured study abroad service programme, including modest pre-trip preparation, found a significant increase in each of the four factors of CQ. At the same time, there was no significant change in the control group. Implications for human research development research and practice as well as limitations and suggested areas for future research are discussed.