中国信用卡非理性消费行为的影响因素分析

通过对信用卡非理性消费行为相关文献的回顾,提出相关假设;运用多元回归方法,实证分析影响中国信用卡非理性消费行为的影响因素,即心理账户、金钱态度、消费价值观、外部影响和认知偏差;根据分析结果提出减少信用卡过度非理性消费行为的相关措施。     

Sensing the Natural in the Caribbean's Nature Island

ABSTRACT

This article uses research carried out in the Caribbean island of Dominica to consider how sensory experiences shape and influence people's perceptions of and relationships to nature. People's ideas of nature are not purely abstract; they are embodied and emplaced in geographical and social contexts. That is, people acquire understandings of nature through their experiences of the natural world, their engagements with flowers and birds, rivers and mountains, forests and vegetable gardens. On this basis, this article explores how sensory perception, in addition to being a way to apprehend the material reality of the natural environment, also plays a role in how people relate to and think about nature and the natural, based on their bodily experiences in a particular place.     

Games of chance or masters of illusion: multiline slots design may promote cognitive distortions

Problem gamblers often have distorted beliefs about gambling, including illusion of control and gambler's fallacy. Most multiline slots games allow players to adjust the number of wagered paylines and the amount bet per line, and over time this control may support incorrect conclusions and promote distorted gambling beliefs. We created software to run simulations of a popular multiline slots game and examined the effects of betting on single versus multiple paylines. Simultaneous multiline betting tends to produce a less varied gambling experience because it increases the frequency of legitimate wins and ‘losses disguised as wins’, while decreasing the occurrence of ‘big wins’. It also shortens consecutive series of losing spins and it prolongs the time a typical player takes to exhaust funds. Indirect control over losing streaks may give some players the false impression that they can play skilfully and predict the occurrence of wins. However, applying five different wagering strategies in our simulations showed that none had any real effect on the average percentage of wagers that would be ‘paid back’ to players as prizes. Player control over multiline slots games may lead frequent gamblers to incorrect conclusions that sustain excessive play despite recurring losses.     

Cognitive distortions as a problem gambling risk factor in Internet gambling

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of cognitive distortions in Internet gambling. The primary objectives were to determine whether cognitive distortions predict Internet gambling and investigate whether distorted gambling-related cognitions are associated with problem gambling severity among online gamblers. Three hundred and seventy four undergraduate participants (143 online gamblers, 172 males) completed an online questionnaire looking at demographics, play-related variables (duration, frequency and expenditures of play) and cognitive distortions. Variables were entered into a logistic regression model to predict online gambling. Three variables made independent contributions to predicting Internet gambling: male gender, higher frequency of play, and cognitive distortions. A hierarchical linear regression analysis with Internet gamblers revealed that cognitive distortions accounted for a proportion of the variance in problem gambling severity beyond variance accounted for by demographic variables and level of gambling involvement. Results suggest that cognitive distortions are a risk factor in online gambling.     

Gamblers can discriminate ‘tight’ from ‘loose’ electronic gambling machines

All slot machines make money over time, but the payouts to the players can differ. ‘Loose’ machines pay out more than ‘tight’ machines. Gamblers (n = 1402) at Ontario slots venues were assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index. Their beliefs about slots were polled using the Informational Biases Scale. Problem gamblers were more likely than non-problem and at-risk gamblers to endorse the belief that ‘some slot machines keep me from winning because they are programmed to produce fewer wins than normal’. We then showed that after extensive play (60 hours), 9 out of 10 gamblers were able to correctly discriminate a ‘loose’ machine (98% payback) from a ‘tight’ machine (85% payback). Problem gamblers' assertions that there are ‘loose’ and ‘tight’ machines demonstrate a belief rooted in reality. The ability to distinguish ‘loose’ from ‘tight’ machines may be interpreted as a skill by players. Such skill, when overestimated, may lead to erroneous cognitions.     

Misinterpreting ‘winning’ in multiline slot machine games

On multiline slot machines, ‘wins’ often amount to less than the spin wager, resulting in a monetary loss to the gambler. Nevertheless, these losses disguised as wins (LDWs) are accompanied by potentially reinforcing audiovisual feedback. A concern for gambling behaviour is whether or not players categorize LDWs as wins or losses, as miscategorization could effectively increase the reinforcement rate of these games. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether novice gamblers psychologically miscategorize LDWs. Forty-seven novices (undergraduate students) played 200 spins on an actual slot machine with credits, then estimated how often they won. It was found that the more LDWs players were exposed to, the higher their win estimates. In a subsequent ‘think out loud’ playing session, the majority of novices also verbally miscategorized LDWs as wins. We conclude that LDWs could increase the reinforcement rate of these games, despite not increasing the payout to the gambler.     

试析中国文论话语的重建

"全球化"不等于"西化",也不等于"霸权主义化",而是"民族化"与"世界化"的辩证统一。文论话语的"西化"在我国文论话语现代化过程中有一定的功劳。通过对世界文论的发展状况的全面分析,提出必须重建中国文论话语,调整中西文论话语的错位现象,实现传统文论话语的现代转换,在此基础上,创建适应汉语言发展的全新的现代文论话语体系。     

中国大学生非理性观念与情绪困扰的调查研究

依据艾里斯提出的"非理性观念与情绪困扰的ABC理论",对中国当代大学生情绪困扰的内在认知因素--非理性观念进行本土研究.从两性对比的角度,对非理性观念在大学生认知方式中存在的现状、特点和差异进行调查,以期为消除情绪困扰和重建认知方式提供一定的科学依据与对策.结果表明(1)大学生普遍存在非理性观念且自我意识不足.(2)非理性观念是导致他们产生大部分情绪困扰的原因.(3)男女大学生的非理性观念诸项目因子无明显性别差异.     

关于实验经济学中理性假定的研究

探讨了实验经济学中关于理性假定的有关问题。从经济学实验中的若干悸论入手,分析了其中所隐含的理性或者非理性的因素,并在此基础上得出了四条结论：个体理性假定并不能保证必然达到个体效用或福利的极大化：理性假定会受到行为重复性的影响：理性假定受到“公平性条件”要求的影响;非理性因素会受其所处的文化背景的影响。     

迷恋与恐惧背后的深层意义——《儿子与情人》中保罗内心世界的女性主义解读

如果从女性主义角度出发,分析劳伦斯《儿子与情人》中的男女关系,可见当时女性主体意识已经苏醒,以保罗为代表的现代男性对于新女性迷恋而又恐惧的矛盾心理,在小说中表现得淋漓尽致。