The myth of transit: the making of a life by asylum seekers and refugees in Indonesia

An increasing number of migrants are living in a state of indefinite ‘transit’. In this paper, we report on interviews conducted in 2009 with 59 refugees and asylum seekers in Indonesia and describe how these individuals make a life despite their circumstances. While all participants were deeply affected by their position of uncertainty and insecurity, most sought to transcend these conditions and pursue significant life projects such as getting married, having children, becoming part of the local community, and working towards a better future. The current conceptualisation of transit as life in limbo does not wholly account for such permanent, life-changing experiences. We analyse the reasons why the use of the term ‘transit’ persists in international policy settings despite its incongruities, arguing that its ongoing political valence overrides its conceptual flaws.     

A Grasp for Aircraft Routing in Response to Groundings and Delays

This paper presents a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) to reconstruct aircraft routings in response to groundings and delays experienced over the course of the day. Whenever the schedule is disrupted, the immediate objective of the airlines is to minimize the cost of reassigning aircraft to flights taking into account available resources and other system constraints. Associated costs are measured by flight delays and cancellations.In the procedure, the neighbors of an incumbent solution are generated and evaluated, and the most desirable are placed on a restricted candidate list. One is selected randomly and becomes the incumbent. The heuristic is polynomial with respect to the number of flights and aircraft. This is reflected in our computational experience with data provided by Continental Airlines. Empirical results demonstrate the ability of the GRASP to quickly explore a wide range of scenarios and, in most cases, to produce an optimal or near-optimal solution.     

明清词学中的正变批评观

宋词的正变,在明清词学史争论异常激烈,大致有两派:一持正变观,或言风格流派,或言时代先后;一反正变观,或以本色当行论之,或对南北宋词平视。     

IRA码简化译码算法的研究

不规则重复累计码BP译码算法具有接近Shannon限优越性能,但具有较高的复杂度。为了降低复杂度,提出了IRA码最小和算法和曲线折线化算法。最小和算法具有简单、容易实现的特点,但使译码性能较大幅度地降低。曲线折线化算法使循环译码算法在复杂度和性能之间取得了较好的折衷。仿真结果表明,曲线折线化算法在复杂度大幅度降低的情况下性能接近BP算法。     

初始点任意的摄动梯度投影法

利用梯度投影与罚函数相结合的技巧，将带不等式和等式约束的优化问题化成一个无约束问题，提出了初始点可任意的求解不等式、等式约束优化问题的摄动梯度投影算法；参数δｋ取不同的数还可以得到一类梯度投影算法，从而得出了在搜索方向和步长不精确条件下的梯度投影法，保证了在实际应用中更容易实现；在较弱条件下，证明了该算法的全局收敛性。     

对学习分类的再思考

欧美学者对学习的分类存在着两分法和三分法的分歧。两分法没有涵盖非正式学习,三分法虽然涵盖了非正式学习,但在分类标准上却未能保持一致。笔者考察了这些研究者对学习分类的主要观点,认为对学习应该采用两分法和两个层次来分类比较合适,即学习可分为正式学习和非正式学习两大类,而正式学习则可分为正规学习和非正规学习两小类。这种分法既保持了分类标准的一致性,又涵盖了所有的学习类型。     

Empirical Analysis of Rural Households’Credit Demand and Influencing Factors of Its Attainability in West Region of China

本文利用有关调查数据,分析了我国西部地区农户家庭基本特征、农户储蓄情况、农户金融需求基本特征,并运用多分类逻辑回归模型分析了其信贷可得性的影响因素及各因素的作用机制。最后从进一步满足农户的金融需求、非正规金融向正规金融转化机制的完善、农村金融成长机制的设计、以供应链金融带动西部地区农村金融成长等四方面给出了政策建议。     

Development and International Migration: The Effect of Income on Regular and Irregular Migration Intentions to Europe

In recent years, the development-migration debate has re-gained popularity in policy circles, especially after the so-called “migration crisis” in Europe and the following approval of the European Agenda on Migration. Much of the empirical literature supports the idea that the relationship between international migration and incomes at origin follows hump-shaped patterns. A growing number of studies find that increasing economic development and financial resources in developing countries would allow a greater number of individuals to afford the costs of emigrating. However, this evidence heavily relies on measures of regular migration only. Using nationally representative data from 12 Middle East and North Africa countries, this study adopts a multinomial logit model to frame migration intentions, distinguishing between regular and irregular routes. The main finding is that the level of household income is associated negatively with the demand for irregular migration to Europe. Predictive margins clearly show that higher household incomes increase the probability of planning only regular migration, while decreasing that of considering also irregular migration. The policy implications are not negligible: improving economic conditions in countries of origin may be effective at deflecting migrants from irregular to regular routes.