Some concepts of mult1variate dependence

Several types of positive dependence are shown to be equiv-alent to the concept of a distribution with a density which is TP₂ in pairs. Among these is the concept of m^?-positive depend-ence of Alam and Wallenius. Using this result, all relationships among many of the most important concepts of positive dependence are determined. Furthermore, an application of the equivalences of these types of positive dependence yields a results of Ahmed, Langberg, Leon and Proschan.     

Dependence function for continuous bivariate densities

The notion of cross-product ratio for discrete two-way contingency table is extended to the case of continuous bivariate densities. This results in the “local dependence function” that measues the margin-free dependence between bivariate random variables. Properties and examples of the dependence function are discussed. The bivariate normal density plays a special role since it has constant dependence. Continuous bivariate densities can be constructed by specifying the dependence function along with two marginals in analogy to the construction of two-way contingency tables given marginals and patterns of interaction. The dependence function provides a partial ordering on bivariate dependence.     

Strong laws of large numbers for dependent heterogeneous processes: a synthesis of recent and new results

This paper surveys recent developments in the strong law of large numbers for dependent heterogeneous processes. We prove a generalised version of a recent strong law for Lz-mixingales, and also a new strong law for Lpmixingales. These results greatly relax the dependence and heterogeneity conditions relative to those currently cited, and introduce explicit trade-offs between dependence and heterogeneity. The results are applied to proving strong laws for near-epoch dependent functions of mixing processes. We contrast several methods for obtaining these results, including mapping directly to the mixingale properties, and applying a truncation argument.     

A generalized negative binomial and applications

A generalized negative binomial distribution is derived from the Markov Bernoulli sequence of successes and failures. We study the properties and applications of this distribution. The properties are illustrated by two examples of discrete time queueing systems. The distribution is then fitted to two data sets, the eruption record of Mt. Sangay, and a record of computer disk failure accesses. In the first case there is a strong serial dependence in the data and the generalized negative binomial provides a good fit, while in the second case, although there is a significant serial dependence, it is insufficient to justify the additional parameter of the distribution. We conclude by demonstrating the usefulness of the distribution in the field of statistical quality control.     

Measures of dependence for the multivariate t distribution with applications to the stock market

Two measures of dependence for multivariate t and Cauchy random variables are developed based on Kullback–Leibler number. The mutual information number T(X) is obtained in a closed expression form, as well as its asymptotic distribution. A dependence coefficient ρ₁, is defined (based on the Kullback–Leibler number) with the properties of ρ₁=0 indicating independence and ρ₁=1indicating degeneracy. Two real life examples from the stock market are used to analyze the level of dependence and correlation among stocks.     

Small-Sample Methods for Cluster-Robust Variance Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Fixed Effects Models

ABSTRACT

In panel data models and other regressions with unobserved effects, fixed effects estimation is often paired with cluster-robust variance estimation (CRVE) to account for heteroscedasticity and un-modeled dependence among the errors. Although asymptotically consistent, CRVE can be biased downward when the number of clusters is small, leading to hypothesis tests with rejection rates that are too high. More accurate tests can be constructed using bias-reduced linearization (BRL), which corrects the CRVE based on a working model, in conjunction with a Satterthwaite approximation for t-tests. We propose a generalization of BRL that can be applied in models with arbitrary sets of fixed effects, where the original BRL method is undefined, and describe how to apply the method when the regression is estimated after absorbing the fixed effects. We also propose a small-sample test for multiple-parameter hypotheses, which generalizes the Satterthwaite approximation for t-tests. In simulations covering a wide range of scenarios, we find that the conventional cluster-robust Wald test can severely over-reject while the proposed small-sample test maintains Type I error close to nominal levels. The proposed methods are implemented in an R package called clubSandwich. This article has online supplementary materials.     

现代司法理念下的司法独立与司法公正 --从民主和司法的视角

作为纠纷解决方式的民主制度具有天然的缺陷,而司法对弥补这种缺陷具有重要意义,即司法可以弥补民主对少数人利益的忽视,在现代司法理念下,民主不能解决的所有纠纷都应当纳入司法程序的视野。如果民主和司法都不能解决的矛盾和纠纷很可能被当事者以暴力的方式解决,但暴力解决纠纷会给社会造成巨大危害,严重损害人民的共同利益。在一个民主和法治的现代社会里,暴力往往是备而不用的,它只出现在极少数的场合。我们在树立现代司法理念的时候,一定要注意发挥司法在建设社会主义民主,解决各类社会矛盾和纠纷中的重要作用。在当前我国正在推进的司法改革过程中,树立现代司法理念必须坚持党的领导这一根本原则,正确处理好司法独立与司法公正的关系。     

论跨国公司子公司衍生过程中的知识依赖

跨国公司在国外建立子公司是一种强有力的公司进入方式。母公司的知识存量,特别是有关技术和市场的隐性知识对新建子公司知识能力和生存发展有着深刻影响,子公司在其产生和成长过程中对母公司存在知识依赖。中国的跨国公司发展进程相对滞后,从知识管理的角度研究跨国公司子公司衍生发展的对策是一种有益的探索。     

论中国新闻媒体监督司法活动的进路转换

由于性质的根本差异,新闻媒体与司法机构经常发生冲突,在中国特色社会主义发展的框架内,新闻媒体需要改变监督进路,从以直接监督司法活动为主转变为以促进立法完善为主,进而达到间接监督司法活动的目的,为最终实现依法治国的社会发展目标发挥建设性作用。