家庭异质性因素对城市居民能源使用行为的影响

以沈阳和大连两地705位城市居民为样本,采用问卷调查和访谈的方法探讨了家庭异质性因素对中国城市居民能源使用行为的影响。研究发现:是否有老人、性别、年龄、家庭人口数、家庭类型、家庭收入与城市居民能源使用行为显著相关;老年人在家庭节能方面有着显著的正面影响;家庭收入在城市居民能源使用行为上体现出两极化差异;女性居民和年轻居民的能源使用行为更为合理和低碳。     

能耗、碳排放与江苏工业发展方式转型

在保护环境和节约能源的时代呼声下,构造江苏工业的投入产出数据库,把能耗和二氧化碳排放引入到传统的生产函数中,利用超越对数生产函数估算江苏工业全要素生产率变化和四种投入要素的贡献率来讨论以高排放为特征的江苏工业发展方式问题显得尤有意义。江苏工业总体上已经实现了以技术驱动为特征的集约型增长方式转变,但近年来二氧化碳排放越来越成为阻碍江苏工业发展的重要因素。     

气候变化背景下可再生能源法制的挑战与对策

我国现有的可再生能源法律制度主要包括总量目标制度、全额保障性收购制度、分类电价制度、费用分摊制度、招投标制度、发展基金制度、财税支持制度等,这些法律制度为应对气候变化、推动可再生能源产业的健康发展提供了重要基础.但总体而言,我国可再生能源法制状况不容乐观,法规体系不健全,法律内容亟待完善,法律保障机制有待改进.为此应从上述方面入手,完善可再生能源产业发展的法律支撑体系.     

合同能源管理与长株潭两型社会建设途径研究

合同能源管理对于推动两型社会建设具有重大意义.两型社会实质上即指节能减排,但节能减排对于大多数企业来说,意味着在企业产值减少的基础上成本支出的增加,因此企业出于自身经济利益的考虑并不能够积极主动地响应.然而合同能源管理能够把节能减排转变为企业自身行为和市场运行机制,进而更大限度上满足两型社会建设对能源结构的调整、节能积极性的提高以及资金的获取等方面需求.长株潭如何推行合同能源管理以更好促进两型社会建设将成为研究重点.     

微博反腐的正能量与副作用

互联网的飞速发展和广泛普及,让公众参与反腐倡廉的渠道大大拓宽了。我国社会的互联网舆论环境已发生不可逆转的变化,微博和网络平台成为公众行使监督政府履行职能的参与工具,为反腐倡廉带来了正能量。但同时,其副作用同样也很明显,这使得微博空间治理成为一个复杂的新课题。在保障公众参与反腐的前提下,当务之急需解决好网络反腐的无序化、自生长问题,将其纳入法治化、制度化轨道。唯此,公众履行社会监督的正能量才能得到进一步释放。     

Relationships between use of dietary supplements,caffeine and sensation seeking among college students

Abstract

Objective: Caffeine and dietary supplement (DS) use by college students is not well-documented. Given reported associations between energy drink consumption and sensation seeking, we used the Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V) to assess relationships between sensation-seeking, caffeine, and DS use. Participants: Data from 1,248 college students from five US institutions were collected from 2009 to 2011. Methods: Linear regression was used to examine relationships between scores on the SSS-V and caffeine and DS use, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics. Results: Male sex, nonHispanic race-ethnicity, higher family income, tobacco use, consuming caffeinated beverages, more than 400?mg caffeine per day, and energy drinks with alcohol at least 50% of the time, were significantly associated with higher total SSS-V scores (P?<?0.001). Those using protein DSs had higher total, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility SSS-V scores (Ps?<?0.001). Conclusions: Results demonstrate a positive correlation between sensation-seeking attitudes and habitual caffeine, energy drink, and DS consumption.     

China's Energy Strategy Adjustment under Energy Conservation and Carbon Emission Constraints

经济发展和能源需求的阶段性特征、节能减排的基本国策以及气候变暖和温室气体减排的制约,都要求中国能源战略,尤其是能源结构战略,进行相应调整。以往中国的能源战略规划主要是从能源储备和能源生产,即能源供给侧来考虑满足能源需求问题。为了应对气候变化,中国能源结构战略亟待调整：一是要从供给和需求双侧管理来考虑满足能源需求问题,二是要将二氧化碳排放作为满足能源需求的一个约束。建立优化模型,得到反映节能和排放约束下的最优能源结构,进而通过可计算一般均衡模型,评估能源结构变化导致的能源成本增加对宏观经济的影响,结果表明：政府的可再生能源规划对二氧化碳减排具有重要的正面影响,但二氧化碳排放约束改变能源结构导致的能源成本增加,对宏观经济具有一定的负面影响。因为中国许多重要行业对煤炭和火电的依赖程度依然很高,所以,现阶段通过改变能源结构减排的空间不大,应该重视其他方面的节能减排努力。

关键词: 能源需求二氧化碳排放能源结构宏观经济

The periodic character of economic development and energy demand, the basic national policy of saving energy and reducing emissions, and the constraints of curbing global warming and reducing greenhouse gas emissions all necessitate corresponding adjustments to China's energy strategy, and especially its energy structure strategy. The previous energy strategy focused primarily on energy reserves and production, i.e., focused on energy supply in order to meet energy demand. In response to global climate change, the readjustment of China's energy strategy has become imperative: on the one hand, the government needs to engage in serious management of both energy supply and energy demand to meet China's energy demand; on the other, it needs to reduce CO₂ emissions and make this a constraint on meeting energy demand. In our study, through establishing an optimal model, we get the optimal energy structure allowing for energy conservation and emission constraints; then we proceed, by means of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, to estimate the impact of rising energy costs as a result of changes in energy structure on the macro‐economy. Our research results show that the government's plan for renewable energy has a positive impact on reducing CO₂ emissions. However, rising energy costs as a result of changes in the energy structure under carbon emission constraints negatively affects macro‐economic performance. As many important Chinese industries depend heavily on coal and thermoelectricity, the room for CO₂ emission reductions is limited at the present stage. Instead, the government should pay attention to realizing CO₂ emission reductions in other fields of economic life.     

Strategic Measures to Reduce China’s Carbon Emissions: Based on an Index Decomposition Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Eight Industries

This article uses the refined Laspeyres index decomposition method to examine the overall trends and characteristics of carbon emissions in eight Chinese industries for the period 1994-2008. The results show that every one percentage point increase in economic scale will result in an average increase of 15 Mt (million tonnes) in carbon emissions. However, different industries vary greatly in terms of marginal carbon emissions caused by economic growth. The economic structure’s bias toward heavy industry fuels the increase of carbon emissions: every one percentage point rise in the share of manufacturing industry produces an average of 56 Mt carbon emissions. Technological progress helps reduce energy intensity and serves as a core driver in reducing carbon emissions, in that every one percentage point decrease in energy intensity will cause an average reduction of 33 Mt in carbon emissions. Our coal-dominated energy structure has resulted in a persistently high level of carbon emissions, suggesting that the reduction effect brought about by changes in energy structure is not significant. Nevertheless, lowering the density of overall carbon emissions is a positive signal, indicating that China is optimizing its energy structure. Only by promoting industrial restructuring, optimizing energy structure, encouraging energy-saving technologies and technological innovation, and reorienting industry can China achieve low-carbon development and control pollution.     

Large Deviations Analysis of Extinction in Branching Models

Cramer's classical theorem is applied to obtain large deviations in branching processes. This is a new avenue for analysis of models in discrete and continuous time. For the Galton-Watson process a new formula for the rate function in terms of the Legendre transform of its offspring distribution is derived. Further analysis of the approximate path to extinction produces a new interesting formula.     

西方国家碳税政策实践的比较及启示

在我国开征碳税既有利于树立国际形象,也有利于缓解环境压力,改变粗放的经济增长方式。西方发达国家尤其是北欧国家在碳税的推行上积累了丰富的经验,通过对这些国家碳税政策特征进行比较,从征税范围、税率、税收收入使用和优惠政策四方面借鉴其成功经验。最后得出我国应循序渐进地推行适合我国国情的碳税政策的几点启示。