卤代烷亲核取代反应的一种新机理——S_(RN)1

本文简单介绍了卤代烷的一种自由基链式亲核取代反应(S_(RN))机理。     

营销渠道成员间知识共享体系构建及程度测量——以电信行业为例

随着经济全球化和知识经济的到来,知识已成为企业创造价值和提升企业核心竞争力的战略性资源,而知识共享则是企业进行知识获取与创新的重要手段.在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,分析了营销渠道成员间知识共享本质及过程,构建了营销渠道成员间知识共享体系,设计了营销渠道成员间知识共享程度测量量表.以电信运营行业为样本进行了实证检验,结果显示该量表具有良好的信度和效度,并通过相关性分析证明了知识共享程度与营销渠道成员间的信任存在正相关关系.     

如何解读近30年中国的制度变迁与社会转型——从《李景鹏文集》得到的启迪

当每一位政治学研究者都努力使自己的研究能对政治知识有所贡献，或者说产生学术增量的时候，政治学自然就不断向前发展了。可是，如果我们不善于盘活“知识存量”，譬如对走在我们前头的学者的知识贡献不甚了解，我们就有可能进行重复的难以形成学术增量的研究。《李景鹏文集》对中国近30年经济政治制度变迁和社会转型的解读可以说是独一无二的，文集作者提倡并身体力行：把政治生活看成“力的作用场所”加以考察，使政治学研究能与经济学、社会学、伦理学等相关的学科打通，把“应然’：的研究和“实然”的研究、思辨的研究和实证的研究、静态的研究和动态的研究有机地结合起来，吸收市场经济新观念以优化我国政治学研究工作，等等，很值得年轻的政治学研究者学习借鉴。     

Adaptive Gaussian Markov random fields with applications in human brain mapping

Summary.  Functional magnetic resonance imaging has become a standard technology in human brain mapping. Analyses of the massive spatiotemporal functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets often focus on parametric or non-parametric modelling of the temporal component, whereas spatial smoothing is based on Gaussian kernels or random fields. A weakness of Gaussian spatial smoothing is underestimation of activation peaks or blurring of high curvature transitions between activated and non-activated regions of the brain. To improve spatial adaptivity, we introduce a class of inhomogeneous Markov random fields with stochastic interaction weights in a space-varying coefficient model. For given weights, the random field is conditionally Gaussian, but marginally it is non-Gaussian. Fully Bayesian inference, including estimation of weights and variance parameters, can be carried out through efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Although motivated by the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging data, the methodological development is general and can also be used for spatial smoothing and regression analysis of areal data on irregular lattices. An application to stylized artificial data and to real functional magnetic resonance imaging data from a visual stimulation experiment demonstrates the performance of our approach in comparison with Gaussian and robustified non-Gaussian Markov random-field models.     

Approximating hidden Gaussian Markov random fields

Summary.  Gaussian Markov random-field (GMRF) models are frequently used in a wide variety of applications. In most cases parts of the GMRF are observed through mutually independent data; hence the full conditional of the GMRF, a hidden GMRF (HGMRF), is of interest. We are concerned with the case where the likelihood is non-Gaussian, leading to non-Gaussian HGMRF models. Several researchers have constructed block sampling Markov chain Monte Carlo schemes based on approximations of the HGMRF by a GMRF, using a second-order expansion of the log-density at or near the mode. This is possible as the GMRF approximation can be sampled exactly with a known normalizing constant. The Markov property of the GMRF approximation yields computational efficiency.The main contribution in the paper is to go beyond the GMRF approximation and to construct a class of non-Gaussian approximations which adapt automatically to the particular HGMRF that is under study. The accuracy can be tuned by intuitive parameters to nearly any precision. These non-Gaussian approximations share the same computational complexity as those which are based on GMRFs and can be sampled exactly with computable normalizing constants. We apply our approximations in spatial disease mapping and model-based geostatistical models with different likelihoods, obtain procedures for block updating and construct Metropolized independence samplers.     

西方知识论中的知识动力观演变

基础主义的镜式认知方式认为知识增长动力源于逻辑方法的采用。语言学转向后,知识增长动力侧重于主体间性问题研究。到后现代哲学时期,知识增长动力问题则深入到复杂的人文社会系统研究中。     

新时期高校教师素质的探讨

在人类进入 2 1世纪的时候 ,教师的地位和作用已为越来越多的人们所认识 ,教师要适应经济、科技和社会协调发展的需要 ,接受时代的挑战 ,才能培养出社会主义建设者和接班人。高校教师应该具备崇高的敬业精神、广博的文化知识、娴熟的职业技能、高超的教学艺术、现代的教学手段、强烈的竞争意识、健康的个性特征、强烈的创新精神、完美的人格力量和一定的监控能力等十个方面素质 ,才能完成时代赋予的历史任务     

A Bayesian model for ranking hazardous road sites

Summary.  Road safety has recently become a major concern in most modern societies. The identification of sites that are more dangerous than others (black spots) can help in better scheduling road safety policies. This paper proposes a methodology for ranking sites according to their level of hazard. The model is innovative in at least two respects. Firstly, it makes use of all relevant information per accident location, including the total number of accidents and the number of fatalities, as well as the number of slight and serious injuries. Secondly, the model includes the use of a cost function to rank the sites with respect to their total expected cost to society. Bayesian estimation for the model via a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach is proposed. Accident data from 519 intersections in Leuven (Belgium) are used to illustrate the methodology proposed. Furthermore, different cost functions are used to show the effect of the proposed method on the use of different costs per type of injury.     

Children's perceptions of others' understanding of moral transgressions: who should know better and why

The present study examined children's perceptions of other children's ability to make moral judgements. Preschool, kindergarten, first- and second-grade children rated the permissibility of moral transgressions for a same-age peer, a younger child and an older child. Children also were asked why the transgressions were wrong. Preschool and kindergarten children rated transgressions equally wrong for a same-age peer, a younger and an older child, whereas first and second graders rated transgressions for a same-age peer and an older child as more wrong than for a younger child. Preschoolers stated they did not know why the transgressions were wrong for a younger child, while kindergarten children reasoned that a younger child did not know the rules. First and second graders reasoned that a same-age peer and an older child should know ‘better’, but a younger child would not know ‘better’. Results suggest that children's perceptions of others' moral knowledge is related to children's ability to coordinate domains of social knowledge when making judgements of others' moral transgressions.     

知识经济时代的人力资源开发

本文从长期的二元结构所造成的人力资源的知识能力巨大差距出发 ,根据知识经济时代的要求 ,把人力资源的知识能力划分为编码知识与非编码知识 ;并建议成立国家职业技术教育部及其系统机构 ,侧重提高传统农业社区人力的非编码知识能力 ,共同发展现代知识经济。