“It Makes My Skin Crawl”: Women’s experience of breastfeeding aversion response (BAR)

ProblemSome women who intend to breastfeed experience a breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) while breastfeeding.BackgroundLittle is known about the experience of those who have feelings of aversion while breastfeeding.AimThis study aimed to investigate the experiences of women who have an aversion response to breastfeeding while their infant is latched at the breast. This is the first study that aims to understand this breastfeeding aversion response (BAR) as described by women who experience this phenomenon.MethodsInterpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to conduct and analyse ten semi-structured in-depth interviews with women who self-identified as experiencing BAR.FindingsFour overarching themes were identified: (1) Involuntary, strong sensations of aversion in response to the act of breastfeeding, (2) Internal conflict and effects on maternal identity, (3) The connection between BAR and relationships with others, and (4) Reflections on coping with BAR and building resilience.DiscussionSome women who intend to breastfeed can experience BAR, and this negative sensation conflicts with their desire to breastfeed. BAR can impact on maternal wellbeing. Those who experience BAR may benefit from person-centred support that directly addresses the challenges associated with BAR to achieve their personal breastfeeding goals.ConclusionThe experience of BAR is unexpected and difficult for mothers. If support is not available, BAR can have detrimental effects on maternal identity, mother–child bonds, and intimate family relationships.     

群发性职业病诊断鉴定的法律问题研究

职业病认定是职业病患者维权的关键。然而,我国法律对群发性职业病的认定未做任何规定,一旦有群发性职业病事件发生,患者只能按照现行相关法律单独进行职业病认定,导致患者得不到及时的职业病认定和补偿,而且也造成了资源的浪费。文章根据我国群发性职业病立法空白的现状以及实践中现行群发性职业病认定的做法,提出了一些建议,以期为相关部门破解群发性职业病“认定难”问题提供一些借鉴。     

学生出勤及转学与数学成绩的关系研究

本文描述了某大城市学区学生出勤及转学情况,旨在为学校和社区提供具有参考意义的结论。首先将一到十二年级所有学生的转学与缺勤情况按照性别、种族和社会经济地位等子类分别列出。然后考察其对学生数学成绩的影响。结果表明,即使在控制了社会经济地位和性别等变量后,缺勤与转学对(用国家水平测试作衡量的)数学成绩仍有消极影响。有意思的是,其对不同种族学生的影响并没有差异。在出勤与转学情况相同的前提下,黑人学生和白人学生表现出相似的成绩格局。本文最后进一步考察了学区内的10所高中,确定了缺勤与转学值得关注之处,并从确定问题严重程度、出现的学校年级等角度探讨了给地区的启示,利用这些信息来提高出勤率和降低转学率,制定系统的方法妥善安排转入和转出的学生。     

Severity and determinants of stunting in children under age 2 years in Odisha (India): a tribal v/s non-tribal analysis

Prevalence of stunting among India’s tribal under-five children has witnessed a 3% annual decline in the last 8 years. Cross-sectional data of 1000 children (287 tribal and 713 non-tribal) aged 0–23 months from Odisha’s Rapid Survey of Children (RSOC, 2014) was analysed to identify the predictors of stunting and severe stunting among tribal children and to suggest policy and programme implications. Results show significant determinants of childhood stunting to be birth order, maternal illiteracy and determinants for severe stunting were maternal age <18 years at marriage and <20 years at birth, and <3 antenatal clinic visits. Severe stunting in tribal children was predicted by basic causes: poverty and maternal age <20 years at first birth and age <18 years at marriage. Findings strongly suggest to accelerate efforts towards reducing childhood stunting in Odisha more specifically among tribal children for whom a special strategy is urgently warranted.     

辽宁生猪生产：30年波动分析与发展建议

辽宁省生猪养殖业作为畜牧业的重要组成部分，已经发展成为农业和农村的支柱产业。依据辽宁省30年生猪生产的历史数据，以生产波动的相关理论，运用回归分析对猪肉产量进行时间趋势拟合，得出辽宁生猪生产波动特征：长期表现为总量增长，短期呈明显周期性波动。生猪价格、利润周期、疫病发生的不确定性和农户饲养规模是产生短期波动的主要因素。结合周期波动分析，提出建立生猪期货市场，实现生猪规模化饲养，健全完善生猪疫病防控体系，加强宏观政策引导等辽宁生猪生产发展建议。     

数控铣削加工沟槽方法与控制

本文主要介绍在数控铣削加工沟槽时,如何利用刀具半径补偿功能,使刀具偏离工件沟槽轮廓一定距离,实现利用一个程序完成沟槽内、外轮廓粗、精加工,以及选用合适的下刀方式进行沟槽加工质量控制,并用宏指令进行编程。     

西部大开发的成就、存在的问题和大规模开发刍议

西部大开发是中国共产党和中国政府实施的一项关乎中华民族伟大复兴的世纪战略，从2000年实施以来，经过启动阶段的初期开发，取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就，但也存在一些问题。根据战略部署和安排，2006年起我国的西部大开发进入大规模开发阶段。在启动开发的坚实基础上，在党和国家以及其他发达省区的支持、帮助下，在西部地区各族人民的不懈努力下，大规模开发必然带来大发展。     

论德国农业现代化的经验及其启示

20世纪70年代,德国基本实现了农业现代化,农业生产力获得突破性发展。其作法是用现代工业装备农业,用现代科学技术改造农业,用现代管理方式管理农业,用现代科学文化知识提高农民的素质,建立起优质高效的农业生产体系和可持续发展的农业生态系统。德国农业现代化的实践及成功经验,对中国加快农业现代化的发展很有借鉴意义。     

Cost–benefit analysis of a PMTCT program in Mozambique

The costs and benefits of a HIV/AIDS PMTCT program in a Mozambican city were calculated. The provision and non-provision of infant feeding formula were considered, along with voluntary counselling and testing, and anti-retroviral treatment with Nevirapine. Costs were calculated in monetary units and benefits as deaths averted and disability-adjusted life years. The UNAIDS cost-effectiveness tool for evaluating ARV drug and substitute feeding interventions was used. The costs of the program were compared with the costs of treating HIV-infected children. With no infant feeding formula, there would be a total savings of US$5242 and a negative cost per DALY of US$1.53 without infant feeding formula. With formula, net annual costs would be US$141,268 and cost per DALY US$38.69. Citywide, each year 132 infant deaths would be averted by use of Nevirapine and eight averted by the breastmilk replacement program. All program options have reasonable cost-effectiveness ratios.     

论大规模开发阶段的西部大开发立法

根据战略部署和安排,2006年起我国的西部大开发进入大规模开发阶段.经济开发,法制先行,是世界上多数国家开发落后地区的成功经验.西部开发已由政策指导上升为法律规制阶段,以专门立法促进、保障大规模开发势在必行.本文从国家立法和地方立法两个层面,探讨大规模开发阶段西部大开发立法的相关问题.