民事诉讼证据合法性要件之批判

证据必须具备合法性要件是目前诉讼法学学界、司法实务界的共识性结论,但对于合法性要件的具体内容,目前学界尚存在较大的分歧。从证据概念及证据的本源意义入手,从逻辑理论和实证分析两个视角对证据的合法性要件进行分析,可以发现合法性不能成为证据的一个特征或构成要件,而是法官在某一事实材料已经成为某一案件的证据之后,综合案件内外各种因素进行价值选择和利益衡量,进而决定是否采纳该项证据的一种证据规则。法律对证据的形式、收集证据的主体、程序和手段等加以规定,仅仅是为了巩固其真实性、关联性,或为了保护其他民事主体的合法权益,或基于其他价值考量,而对于证据本身,并不能用简单的合法或非法标准加以判断并进而肯定或否定其证据资格。否定证据的合法性要件不仅是理顺证据制度逻辑理论上的需要,也是民事诉讼中当事人举证负担加重的背景下提高其举证能力和法院全面查清案件事实的需要。     

中国古代证据法文化透视——以语词“供”“证”为中心

证据法律制度中,语词供与证当属核心词语。在我国传统证据法律制度中,供与证的内涵、外延、关系,规定着我国古代证据规则的空间格局,标志着我国传统证据法文化的特质。供与证一端连着传统,一端牵着现代。供作为言词证据,依然存在于现代刑事诉讼领域。指称人证、物证的证除内涵与外延变化外,依然是现代刑事民事诉讼的核心证据。作为证据用语的供与证是一种文化符号,不仅是制度意义上的符号,更是法文化意义上的符号,它表征着一种理念、一个过程、一种意识、一种态度,反映了我国司法证据制度,由重口供到轻口供、由零口供到重物证、由口供至上到券证主导的制度性转换。     

一种新的管理范式——基于研究证据的管理

在分析经验、理论的可错性基础上,指出了现行管理的问题;在吸收当代美国学者研究成果的基础上,通过移植溯因推理和双环学习概念,开发了一种将具体组织作为实验对象的新管理范式--基于研究证据的管理;认为基于研究证据的管理是企业做大、做强的基础,是管理者胜任力提高的有效途径.基于管理的本质特征和其所隐含的逻辑机制,论证了新管理范式的有效性;对实施基于研究证据的管理的难点做了较系统的分析,指出加强"元技能"的培养是推广该范式的有效途径.     

Science for Policy: A Case Study of Scientific Polarization,Values, and the Framing of Risk and Uncertainty

It is well documented that more research can lead to hardened positions, particularly when dealing with complex, controversial, and value‐laden issues. This study is an attempt to unveil underlying values in a contemporary debate, where both sides use scientific evidence to support their argument. We analyze the problem framing, vocabulary, interpretation of evidence, and policy recommendations, with particular attention to the framing of nature and technology. We find clear differences between the two arguments. One side stress that there is no evidence that the present approach is causing harm to humans or the environment, does not ruminate on uncertainties to that end, references nature's ability to handle the problem, and indicates distrust in technological solutions. In contrast, the other side focuses on uncertainties, particularly the lack of knowledge about potential environmental effects and signals trust in technological development and human intervention as the solution. Our study suggests that the two sides’ diverging interpretations are tied to their perception of nature: vulnerable to human activities versus robust and able to handle human impacts. The two sides also seem to hold diverging views of technology, but there are indications that this might be rooted in their perception of governance and economy rather than about technology per se. We conclude that there is a need to further investigate how scientific arguments are related to worldviews, to see how (if at all) worldview typologies can help us to understand how value‐based judgments are embedded in science advice, and the impact these have on policy preferences.     

Aggregating Disparate Epidemiological Evidence: Comparing Two Seminal EMF Reviews

Two seminal reviews ( IARC, 2002 ; CDHS, 2002 ) of possible health effects from power-frequency EMFs reached partly different conclusions from similar epidemiological evidence. These differences have an impact on precautionary policy. We examine the statistical aggregation of results from individual disparate studies. Without consistent exposure metrics, the advantage of meta-analysis to estimate magnitude of effect is lost. However, counting positive and statistically significant results yields important information. This is not a substitute for meta-analysis, but a fall-back when meaningful meta-analysis is not available. Representative results from 33 independent adult leukemia studies tabled by IARC yielded 23.5 positives ( p ≈ 0.01) and 9 significant-positives ( p  < 10⁻⁷). From 43 representative results from CDHS, there were 32 positive ( p  < 0.001) and 14 significant-positives ( p  < 10⁻¹²). There were no significant-negative results in either list. Results for adult brain cancer gave a similar, but less clear, message. Childhood leukemia EMF studies have been sufficiently comparable to allow selective pooled analysis, which was important in classifying carcinogenicity. Aggregating all the studies suggests that results for childhood leukemia are not stronger, numerically, than those for adult leukemia. CDHS did not note the number of significant-positives, but noted the meta-analytic summary and the number of positives, forming a view about the strength of these findings. IARC shows no evidence of considering the aggregation of results other than subjectively. It considered individual studies but this led to a tendency to fragment and dismiss evidence that is intrinsically highly significant. We make recommendations for future reviews.     

张苍水被执南田悬岙新证

张苍水的诗文是研究张苍水最可信的第一手史料.张苍水"在悬岙……被执 "、"屯悬岙 "和史书称"散军于悬岙 ",证明张苍水被执之地就是他原来屯兵和散兵归隐之地.而两度屯兵南田的情结和以死明志的决心,使他根本不想离开"悬岙 "而另觅偷生"赊死 "之地,"普陀悬山说 "当属推测之词.     

关于行政证据形式的探讨

行政证据是一种独立的证据制度,是行政机关在行政执法中经常运用的一种证据,应有其独立、统一的证据形式。目前,学界及立法部门对行政证据的形式并没有统一的认识,本文就行政证据的形式进行探讨。     

《汉语大字典》(第一卷)书证迟后举例

《汉语大字典》(第一卷)有的义项下书证迟后,影响了字义的溯源问题。文章补充了一些例证,供编者读者参考。     

刑事技术鉴定证据价值司法现状分析

刑事技术鉴定在司法实践中的作用非常重要。通过实证分析,引导正确定位刑事技术鉴定的证据价值,建议真正使刑事技术鉴定进入诉讼,有效发挥其在刑事诉讼中应有的作用,以适应现代化诉讼的需要。     

对三种排除非法证据之理由的追问

在美国学界,关于非法证据排除的理由有三个,即维护司法尊严、抑制警察非法取证以及宪法性救济。目前,我国学者也纷纷以这三个理由来论证我国确立非法证据排除规则的必要性。通过对这些理由的逐一分析,认为非法证据排除规则对于我国的作用有限。若要实现刑事诉讼的现代化,我们应当更多地从整个刑事诉讼体制上做文章,而不能将全部期望寄托在非法证据排除这一项规则之上。