"双休制"对城市在业者休闲生活质量的影响

文章是以1995年我国实行周五天工作制后所进行的城市居民时间分配状况的一次重要调查获得的数据为依据,对城市在业者的休闲生活进行的研究.调查表明,"双休制"的实行给城市在业者带来了巨大的生活实惠和休闲生活质量收益.但同时表明,受传统的家庭内性别分工模式的影响,男女从业者的受益程度是不同的.此外,社会弱势群体的受益程度也偏低,在其体闲时间数量增加的同时,休闲生活质量的提高却相对滞后.     

试析辛提卡的语言博弈论

辛提卡提出语言博弈理论旨在建立一种能用于系统分析或摹拟人的认识活动的过程及其结果的理论。这一理论以可能世界理论为基础 ,它把形式逻辑的模型集合建构看做一种特殊的博弈活动 ,用“寻找且找到博弈”描述以现实为对象的语言活动 ,并刻画了两种博弈之间的联系。“寻找且找到博弈”不同于运算 ,它的结局不是预先可断定的 ;而这一博弈规则是制约着语句F的整个证实过程的规则。     

中学课外科技活动的存在问题及对策

本文较为详细地分析我们在１９９８ 年上半年进行的“广州 市中学生课外科技活动问卷调查”的数据, 指出广州市中学生课外科技 活动存在着师资力量不足、考核制度不完善等问题, 文章最后提出了解 决上述问题的意见和看法     

Health Risk Assessment of a Modern Municipal Waste Incinerator

During the modernization of the municipal waste incinerator (MWI, maximum capacity of 180,000 tons per year) of Metropolitan Grenoble (405,000 inhabitants), in France, a risk assessment was conducted, based on four tracer pollutants: two volatile organic compounds (benzene and 1, 1, 1 trichloroethane) and two heavy metals (nickel and cadmium, measured in particles). A Gaussian plume dispersion model, applied to maximum emissions measured at the MWI stacks, was used to estimate the distribution of these pollutants in the atmosphere throughout the metropolitan area. A random sample telephone survey (570 subjects) gathered data on time-activity patterns, according to demographic characteristics of the population. Life-long exposure was assessed as a time-weighted average of ambient air concentrations. Inhalation alone was considered because, in the Grenoble urban setting, other routes of exposure are not likely. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to describe probability distributions of exposures and risks. The median of the life-long personal exposures distribution to MWI benzene was 3.2·10^–5 g/m³ (20th and 80th percentiles = 1.5·10^–5 and 6.5·10^–5 g/m³), yielding a 2.6·10^–10 carcinogenic risk (1.2·10^–10–5.4·10^–10). For nickel, the corresponding life-time exposure and cancer risk were 1.8·10^–4 g/m³ (0.9.10^–4 – 3.6·10^–4 g/m³) and 8.6·10^–8 (4.3·10^–8–17.3·10^–8); for cadmium they were respectively 8.3·10^–6 g/m³ (4.0·10^–6–17.6·10^–6) and 1.5·10^–8 (7.2·10^–9–3.1·10^–8). Inhalation exposure to cadmium emitted by the MWI represented less than 1% of the WHO Air Quality Guideline (5 ng/m³), while there was a margin of exposure of more than 10⁹ between the NOAEL (150 ppm) and exposure estimates to trichloroethane. Neither dioxins nor mercury, a volatile metal, were measured. This could lessen the attributable life-long risks estimated. The minute (VOCs and cadmium) to moderate (nickel) exposure and risk estimates are in accord with other studies on modern MWIs meeting recent emission regulations, however.     

Toyota in the 21st century in Asian countries: Information exchange system and best mix

This article explains the general nature of the business style of Toyota management strategy, its specific performance, and its development in China. It is quite difficult to find specific revolutionary policies and unusual strategies for the success of the Toyota Motor Corporation.     

谈翻译活动过程中的创造性思维--翻译研究系列论文之三

翻译过程从本质上说是一个从"思维的抽象"到"思维的具体"的过程,是译者运用各种形式的决策思维将"思维的抽象"和"思维的具体"活动落到实处的过程,是一个充满着悬念和挑战的创造过程.从事翻译教学的教师要想达到让学生不但"知其然",而且还能"知其所以然"的理想目的,就要学会从思维的高度和深度去指导学生学习翻译,学会翻译.     

How Much Is Leisure Worth? Direct Measurement with Contingent Valuation

This paper uses a contingent value survey in a Rocky Mountain city to measure the national income accounting value of leisure activities. Such direct measurement avoids shortcomings of the previously used labor value approach and individually values various types of leisure, e.g., napping and socializing. The results of the study indicate promise for this measurement approach but also raise some issues that require further research. Included are suggestions for overcoming problems discovered with this method and for future research.The authors wish to thank two anonymous referees of this journal who provided insightful comments and suggestions which improved the paper significantly.     

对高师大学生闲暇体育现状的调查分析

闲暇体育也称“余暇体育”,是学校体育的重要组成部分,是实现学校体育目的及任务的主要途径之一。本文概述了高师大学生闲暇体育的内涵,调查了高师大学生闲暇体育的现状,分析了高师大学生闲暇体育的问题,并提出了今后发展高师大学生闲暇优育的意见,开展针对性强、实用性广的闲暇体育,对培养大学生良好的体育意识,养成经常参加体育锻炼的习惯,有着十分重要的意义。     

如何认定原因自由行为的着手

原因自由行为是为给那些由于行为人故意或过失地使自己陷入无责任能力,然后在无责任能力状态下,实施犯罪行为提供处罚依据的一种理论。然而,这一理论从一引进来就引起了学者们的激烈争论。对于这一理论,如何认定其着手,学者们意见分歧,本文认为在解决着手的认定之前,首先应当明确原因自由行为的处罚对象。原因自由行为中原因行为的可罚性。能否可以通过立法的方式赋予原因行为具有实行行为性,这是解决原因自由行为着手认定的关键所在。     

Why Do They Start It? Explaining Reported Early-Teen Sexual Activity

This paper seeks an account of why young teens initiate consensual sexual activity. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual activity from those who have not in four samples of eighth graders from an Upstate New York county. Theoretical selection of the model variables is guided by insights from problem syndrome, control and differential association theories. From our findings we conclude the following: (1) Risk behaviors foreseen by the problem syndrome approach, including having used marijuana and having been drunk, are significant, powerful predictors of early-teen sexual activity. (2) The social setting of consensual sexual activity differs by sex at the eighth grade level. For example, having a boyfriend is a more consistent, powerful predictor variable for girls than is having a girlfriend for boys and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that boys initiate sexual activity in the context of status-seeking while girls are more likely to do so as a way of attaining approval. (3) Our findings do not give clear primacy to parents or peers as an influence on early-teen consensual sexual activity. Both control theory, usually associated with parental-influence variables, and differential association theory, usually associated with peer-influence variables, receive support. (4) The results of the research spanning a 2-year period of intensive community antiteen-pregnancy efforts by a Zero Adolescent Pregnancy (ZAP) campaign are consistent with the conclusion that such a multifaceted approach might help lower early-teen initiation of sexual activity.