Association of educational level and child sex ratio in rural and urban India

Utilizing data from the Census of India, this study compared child sex ratio in rural and urban regions of India and analyzed whether the child sex ratio was associated with mother’s education level. The child sex ratios in the rural and urban regions throughout India were analyzed using the two-sample and paired Student’s t-test. Further, the Chi-square test for trend in binomial proportions was used to assess the association between child sex ratios and mother’s education levels in rural and urban areas. Analysis of the data showed that there was a significant difference between the child sex ratios in rural areas versus urban areas. In addition, the Chi-square test for trend showed that there was a significant association of the child sex ratio and the educational levels of their mothers. This trend occurred in both rural and urban areas.     

试论词汇语义对语法的决定作用

词汇与语法的关系问题，是伴随语言学历史但至今仍然没有很好解答的问题。长期以来，语法得到了高度重视，词汇的价值被忽视。事实证明，孤立地研究词汇和语法，不关注词汇与语法的关系，影响了我们对语言机制的深刻认识和准确把握。那种简单地认为语法是语言的主导和核心，词汇只是备用材料，语言的运用只是根据语法规则对词汇进行组配的看法，是本末倒置的。事实上，意义是语言的出发点和落脚点，词汇语义对语言要素的性质、功能及组配模式、表达形式等都具有决定性作用，汉语尤其如此。与此相关，应建立新的词义观。     

ON BOOTSTRAP HYPOTHESIS TESTING

We describe methods for constructing bootstrap hypothesis tests, illustrating our approach using analysis of variance. The importance of pivotalness is discussed. Pivotal statistics usually result in improved accuracy of level. We note that hypothesis tests and confidence intervals call for different methods of resampling, so as to ensure that accurate critical point estimates are obtained in the former case even when data fail to comply with the null hypothesis. Our main points are illustrated by a simulation study and application to three real data sets.     

“经济人”假说的演变及其现实意义

自亚当·斯密提出“经济人”假说，至今已历时二百余年，期间“经济人”假说不断发展，逐渐由“传统经济人”演变为“新经济人”。“经济人”假说和“看不见的手”理论共同支撑着经济学大厦的发展。本文在对“经济人”假说进行综述的基础上，结合其演变，进一步阐明“经济人”假说对建设社会主义市场经济体制、建设和谐社会和良好人际关系的理论和现实意义。     

第二语言习得的互动博弈假说——二语习得理论的哲学思考

就哲学渊源而言,第二语言习得理论包括行为论、认知论和交互论等。文中简要分析这些主要的二语习得理论及其局限之后,运用维果斯基的社会文化理论对二语习得重新进行阐释,认为二语习得是学习者自身心智发展、目的语的社会文化环境、教育者及理论家的协助等诸多因素相互作用的结果。在借用博弈论对二语习得诸多因素间的作用关系进行了简要分析之后,认为二语习得是在这些因素互相博弈的过程中产生发展的。由此在社会文化理论和博弈逻辑思维基础上提出了一种二语习得的互动博弈假说。     

参数假设检验教学中的几个问题

在概率统计教学的基础上,对参数假设检验教学中出现的学生难于理解的几个问题做了系统的总结,主要包括决策的依据,拒绝域的选择以及决策可靠性的判断,其中对做出"接受零假设"决策的可靠性给出了解释。     

货币政策与资本市场关系的理论溯源

货币政策与资本市场之间的关系,其深刻的理论渊源可以从货币数量理论和有效市场理论的有关论述中探寻。这些理论对于货币政策在资本市场预测效力上存在争论,经济学家对这两种理论的维护和相互融通方面做出了重要贡献。     

对理性人假设批判的批判

理性人假设是经济学大厦的基石之一.自其提出之日,就遭到学者广泛而激烈地批评,但似乎并没有妨碍以理性人假设为基础的个人主义分析方法攻城掠地,形成目前庞大的经济学帝国主义,直至目前,也没有看出它放慢侵略的步伐.在表象背后,必然有对理性人假设的现实需求,必然存在其内在合理性和重要价值性:首先,理性人假设是一种方法论逻辑,为科学研究所必须;其次,理性人假设是追求最大化,而非实现了最大化,梦想能否实现是受制度、技术、文化等现实的约束;再次,相比其他人性假设更接近现实,它为社会治理提供一种可能的进路;最后,它是激励约束制度设计的前提.     

Robust pairwise multiple comparisons under short-tailed symmetric distributions

In one-way ANOVA, most of the pairwise multiple comparison procedures depend on normality assumption of errors. In practice, errors have non-normal distributions so frequently. Therefore, it is very important to develop robust estimators of location and the associated variance under non-normality. In this paper, we consider the estimation of one-way ANOVA model parameters to make pairwise multiple comparisons under short-tailed symmetric (STS) distribution. The classical least squares method is neither efficient nor robust and maximum likelihood estimation technique is problematic in this situation. Modified maximum likelihood (MML) estimation technique gives the opportunity to estimate model parameters in closed forms under non-normal distributions. Hence, the use of MML estimators in the test statistic is proposed for pairwise multiple comparisons under STS distribution. The efficiency and power comparisons of the test statistic based on sample mean, trimmed mean, wave and MML estimators are given and the robustness of the test obtained using these estimators under plausible alternatives and inlier model are examined. It is demonstrated that the test statistic based on MML estimators is efficient and robust and the corresponding test is more powerful and having smallest Type I error.     

第二语言词汇习得刍议

从语言对比的角度来研究第二语言习得词汇量的问题,词汇习得策略的差异问题,并讨论了认知科学的最新发展对于词汇习得的重大促进意义,最后指出词汇习得研究中一些亟待深入研究的问题。