Longitudinal changes in anthropometry and body composition in university freshmen

Objective: We investigated predictors of weight gain in college freshmen. Participants: A longitudinal cohort study followed a representative sample of freshmen (N = 264) from 8/2011 to 6/2012. Methods: Repeated measurements of anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), physical activity, and diet were collected. We investigated predictors of 9-month weight gain using regression models. Results: 172 participants completed follow-up: 75% gained >0.5 kg. Mean weight change was +2.3 kg (SD 3.2) and +2.0 kg (SD 3.2) and mean adiposity change was +1.3% (SD 1.6) and +0.7% (SD 2.2) in men and women, respectively. In participants gaining >0.5 kg, weight increased 5.6% and body fat increased 1.6%. Anthropometric change in men occurred in the first semester, while women increased in both semesters. Leaner DXA-defined body composition at baseline was consistently associated with greater weight gain (p-values 0.029–0.049). Conclusions: Freshman weight gain is common and reflects increased adiposity. Leaner body composition at the beginning of college predicted greater weight gain in men and women during the first year of college.     

Trends in the age at reproductive transitions in the developing world: The role of education

Girls’ school participation has expanded considerably in the developing world over the last few decades, a phenomenon expected to have substantial consequences for reproductive behaviour. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 43 countries, this paper examines trends and differentials in the mean ages at three critical life-cycle events for young women: first sexual intercourse, first marriage, and first birth. We measure the extent to which trends in the timing of these events are driven either by the changing educational composition of populations or by changes in behaviour within education groups. Mean ages have risen over time in all regions for all three events, except age at first sex in Latin America and the Caribbean. Results from a decomposition exercise indicate that increases in educational attainment, rather than trends within education groups, are primarily responsible for the overall trends. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.     

未来人口年龄结构变动对住宅需求的影响

不同年龄阶段的消费群体具有不同的需求特征,人口因素直接影响着住宅产品的市场定位和需求结构。本文按人口年龄因素进行了住宅市场细分,分析了未来人口年龄结构变动对住宅市场需求结构的影响。     

Movement patterns of threeAthalia sawflies in relation to the spatio-temporal distributions of their habitats

Summary I compared the differences in the movement intensity of three species of sympatricAthalia sawflies,A. japonica, A. rosae andA. infumata feeding on cruciferous plants. Mark-release-recapture census was conducted to estimate movement distance, sex ratio and age composition of adult sawflies. In addition, the sex ratio of newlyemerged adults was examined by rearing field-collected larvae until adult emergence. Age composition and longevity of adults were estimated experimentally. The movement intensity was evaluated mostly with the indirect information thus obtained. Females moved more actively than males in all three sawflies.A. japonica females of all age classes moved actively in spring and autumn, but in summer they disappeared. Also,A. rosae females of all age classes moved actively in spring and autumn. In summer, in contrast withA. japonica, A. rosae females moved most actively among the three species in all seasons.A. infumata females, in particular the young females, moved most actively among the three species, exceptA rosae in summer. The movement patterns of the three sawflies were deduced in relation to the spatio-temporal distributions of their habitats. In spring and autumn, when host plants were abundant,A. japonica andA. rosae females were dispersed among the host patches within the census are. In summer, however, when host plants were scarce,A. japonica entered diapause, whereasA. rosae migrated to neighboring areas. On the other hand,A. infumata, in particular young famale, innately dispersed to seek for temporary host plants throughout the census seasons.     

Hazardous Times for Monetary Policy: What Do Twenty‐Three Million Bank Loans Say About the Effects of Monetary Policy on Credit Risk‐Taking?

We identify the effects of monetary policy on credit risk‐taking with an exhaustive credit register of loan applications and contracts. We separate the changes in the composition of the supply of credit from the concurrent changes in the volume of supply and quality, and the volume of demand. We employ a two‐stage model that analyzes the granting of loan applications in the first stage and loan outcomes for the applications granted in the second stage, and that controls for both observed and unobserved, time‐varying, firm and bank heterogeneity through time*firm and time*bank fixed effects. We find that a lower overnight interest rate induces lowly capitalized banks to grant more loan applications to ex ante risky firms and to commit larger loan volumes with fewer collateral requirements to these firms, yet with a higher ex post likelihood of default. A lower long‐term interest rate and other relevant macroeconomic variables have no such effects.     

大学英语作文中的语言回避类别及其教学对策

语言回避现象问题在大学英语作文中极为常见,它不仅直接制约作文的质量与水平,还会严重影响英语表达的地道性、准确性和多样性。运用分析和访谈等研究方法、手段,研究了大学英语作文中常见的语言回避现象及其产生的原因。研究结果发现,学生作文中涉及语义和功能的常见语言回避形式有9类,其产生的原因表现在7个方面。在深入分析研究结果的基础上,借助语块教学理论,提出了克服语言回避现象和有效提高大学生笔头语言交流能力的3种（强调常写、写长,写作前进行有效语言形式输入,培养用英语思维）教学对策。     

论张胡之恋对张爱玲及其创作的影响

张爱玲与胡兰成的婚恋惊世骇俗,它既助推了张爱玲走向了创作事业的成功,同时也给张爱玲的后半生以及创作留下了难以抹灭的影响。     

母语文化负迁移：影响及对策——大学生英语写作调研分析

多年来,大学生英语写作一直是专家学者及一线教师研究、讨论的一个焦点,也是学生倍感头痛的一个难题。本文以母语文化负迁移对大学生英语写作产生的影响为切入点,通过大学生四级作文水平测试及其问卷调查,力求找到应对这一问题的方法策略,以期提高学生的英语写作水平。     

电能计量装置综合误差分析及其控制技术措施

通过对两个企业电能计量装置实例的计算与分析,证明综合误差对电能计量的准确性具有重要影响,进而提出提高电能计量准确性的技术措施。     

房地产项目的成本控制分析

房地产项目成本控制是房地产开发项目管理内容的重要组成部分 ,具体来说就是在投资决策阶段、设计阶段、开发项目、发包阶段和建设实施阶段 ,把开发项目的投资控制在批准的投资限额以内 ,随时纠正偏差 ,保证开发项目利润目标的实现 ,力求在开发项目中合理使用人力、财力、物力 ,获得良好的经济效益