英、美、法三国行政诉讼外部调整机制比较

英美法系的典型代表国家英美两国与大陆法系的典型代表国家法国,在寻求和实现公平与效率的价值平衡方面殊途回归。原因在于三国各自逐渐建立起了一套有效平衡行政诉讼价值的调整机制。面对二战后行政扩张及与其相伴的行政纠纷的增加,英、美、法三国形成了包括行政机关自身的机制调整、立法机关的机制调整、非国家机关的监督机制调整等的外部调整机制。     

Parent–child gender matching and child psychological adjustment after divorce

The present study aimed to determine whether a parent–child gender match would influence child psychological adjustment after divorce. Participants included 69 parents (36 mothers) in active family law litigation to resolve issues related to postdissolution of marriage or time-sharing matters. Participants provided demographic information and completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991 Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the child behavior checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. [Google Scholar]) to assess their perceptions of their child’s internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Results demonstrated that internalizing and externalizing behaviors were not affected by whether children spent more time with the same gender parent, opposite gender parent, or split their time equally between both. Comparisons and contradictions between the results in this study and existing research are discussed, as well as practical implications.     

人口红利的经济社会代价与可持续发展

本文分析了人口红利背后的经济社会代价,意在提请人们注意,人口红利是一把双刃剑,在看到人口红利好处的同时,也要洞察其背后的隐患,不能盲目乐观。我们的真正目的不是要事受人口红利,而是要摆脱对它的依赖。只有利用好人口红利期,在人口机会窗关闭前积极求变,才能实现可持续发展。     

专利司法诉讼对手机产业的影响

自2010年起,全球开始大量涌现有关智能手机或无线技术的诉讼案。在经历了40多起诉讼案后,有关智能手机专利的诉讼至今丝毫没有停止的迹象,甚至愈演愈烈。国内手机企业想要打破发展瓶颈,走向海外、进入高端市场,在未来的竞争中遭遇专利诉讼的挑战是家常便饭。对重庆11家具有代表性的手机企业进行调研可以发现：相比广东等沿海地区的手机企业,重庆本土企业起步较晚,大多处于产业链中下游,核心专利保有量不足。要发展本土企业,提高本土企业的市场竞争力,就必须实行“行政管理部门、立法机构、企业”三者联动机制。政府要有所作为,加大政策、资金、税收等方面的引导和扶持。立法上可借鉴美国的做法,为企业发展保驾护航。企业要加强知识产权管理和重视知识产权战略运用。     

论检察机关在环境公益诉讼中的法律地位

环境的公共性和检察权的公益性决定了检察机关有义务介入环境公益诉讼。关于检察机关在环境公益诉讼中的法律地位问题,学者们提出了不同的主张。在环境公益诉讼中检察机关只以一种身份出现的观点是片面的,环境公益诉讼的多样性决定了检察机关介入环境公益诉讼法律地位的多样性。在环境公益诉讼中检察机关的恰当角色是,根据案件的类型不同,分别以支持起诉人身份、准原告人身份、公益代表人身份出现,角色混乱将会造成事与愿违的效果。     

农户个体决策与农民经济组织的内生性——超边际视角下的农民经济组织

单个农户在分工协作中能够获得"1 1>2"的分工经济,通过特定的经济组织来安排单个农户的分工协作就会实现这种分工经济。但是,组织中的单个农户与其他经济主体必然存在着交易费用。当交易费用超过了分工协作的经济性,单个农户就不会选择加入经济组织。地方政府往往不能充分理解单个农户对经济组织中交易费用和相对价格的考虑,这导致了大多数农户不愿选择加入"模式"型的经济组织。因此,地方政府要以自身的分工特征合理融入农民经济组织发展的各个阶段。     

产品质量内部性问题的政府管制

文章引入了对产品质量的分析,将产品质量和数量作为并列的因素进行考察,着重分析了产品质量的内部性问题,并进一步提出了单纯的较大的交易成本和单纯的不对称信息,都不能解释产品质量内部性问题产生的根源,与信息不对称紧密联系的较大的交易成本才是其根源。如何降低这种交易成本就成为政府对产品质量内部性进行管制,提高消费者福利水平的管制重点。     

基于在线算法的改进指数梯度投资组合策略

弱集成算法是对专家意见进行动态加权平均的在线学习算法。近年来,机器学习和人工智能等方法被用来研究在线投资组合问题。该文从弱集成算法的在线学习及其序列决策性角度出发,设计改进的指数梯度在线投资组合策略,以弥补指数梯度在线投资组合策略不能结合交易费用进行分析的缺陷。首先根据指数梯度在线投资组合策略的更新方法构建代表投资策略的专家意见池,并以此为基础应用弱集成算法加权集成专家意见得到改进的指数梯度在线投资组合策略,证明了该策略可与最优专家策略(基准策略)相媲美。其次将交易费用引入到改进的指数梯度在线投资组合策略中,进一步给出对应的投资策略,重要的是理论上证明了该策略实现的平均累积收益与最优专家策略实现的平均累积收益之间的差值存在渐进式下界,从而提高了指数梯度在线投资组合策略的实用性。最后利用国内外股票市场的历史数据进行实证分析,说明了改进的指数梯度在线投资组合策略的可行性和有效性。     

The impact on taxpayer costs of a jail diversion program for people with serious mental illness

Mental illness is prevalent among those incarcerated. Jail diversion is one means by which people with mental illness are treated in the community – often with some criminal justice system oversight – instead of being incarcerated. Jail diversion may lead to immediate reductions in taxpayer costs because the person is no longer significantly engaged with the criminal justice system. It may also lead to longer term reductions in costs because effective treatment may ameliorate symptoms, reduce the number of future offenses, and thus subsequent arrests and incarceration. This study estimates the impact on taxpayer costs of a model jail diversion program for people with serious mental illness. Administrative data on criminal justice and treatment events were combined with primary and secondary data on the costs of each event. Propensity score methods and a quasi-experimental design were used to compare treatment and criminal justice costs for a group of people who were diverted to a group of people who were not diverted. Diversion was associated with approximately $2800 lower taxpayer costs per person 2 years after the point of diversion (p < .05). Reductions in criminal justice costs drove this result. Jail diversion for people with mental illness may thus be justified fiscally.     

A Realistic Path to Implementing China’s Budget Law

The core issue for the implementation of modern budget law is to optimize the satisfaction of society’s demand for public goods. The form of implementation mechanism that will best achieve this goal has thus become a major topic in the field of legal research. To go beyond the Anglo-Saxon budget model and construct a realistic path for the implementation of China’s budget law, this issue needs to be explored from the perspective of Chinese citizens in a way that safeguards the fundamental interests of the people and is premised on upholding and improving the People’s Congress system, so as to achieve a balance between internal and external budget allocation relationships. There are three routes to implementing China’s budget law: the political, the social, and the judicial. Under the first, citizens’ political identity interests are represented by deputies who oversee the budgetary powers of administrative bodies through the People’s Congress. Under the second, citizens individually or collectively participate, influence or even decide the allocation of public economic resources through dialogue, negotiation, reasoning and argument with the responsible budgetary agency in the course of the budget’s compilation, examination and approval, execution and supervision. Under the third, the establishment of a system for budgetary litigation allows citizens to participate in and supervise the implementation of the budget law, individually or collectively. This provides judicial security for the law’s implementation. These three realistic implementation routes represent the dialectical unity of concerted institutional effort aimed directly at effective implementation of budget law. Judicial interpretations of budget law implementation indicate the importance and urgency of promoting national governance capacity through reform of the legal systems governing finance and taxation. This explains the significant role of finance and taxation law in national governance.