Vowel harmony redux: Correct sounds,English loan words,and the sociocultural life of a phonological structure in Korean1

This paper examines an ideology of standard pronunciation and spelling of English loan words in South Korea through the lens of Korean vowel harmony. I focus specifically on the alternation between an older Japanese‐style ‘a’[a] and a newer Korean‐style ‘?’[?] for the mapping of mid‐vowels from English to Korean. The opposition between ‘a’ and ‘?’ also figures into the dichotomy of vowel classes between ‘yang’ or ‘light’ vowels and ‘yin’ or ‘dark’ vowels in Korean vowel harmony. This opposition is pervasive in Korean's rich stock of denotationally iconic words (e.g. onomatopoeia), where ablaut between vowel classes produces semantic and pragmatic contrasts. I suggest that this latter structure of phonological opposition has an influence on speakers’ perceptions of vowel difference and associated values in English loan words, despite an overarching ideology of standard pronunciation that is based on assumptions about phonetic fidelity. ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??, ?? ???? ‘?’[a]? ‘?’[?]? ??(mapping)?? ?? ??? ??. ??? ?? ????? ‘?’? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??(正音)?? ?????? ??. ?? ‘?’? ????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?(音)?? ???? ??. ???, ‘?’/‘?’? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??; ?, ??? ????? ????? ??? ??. ??, ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??. ????, ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. [Korean]     

吐鲁番回鹘文借贷契约研究

吐鲁番出土的蒙元时期回鹘文借贷契约,在格式上与唐宋时期汉文契约既有类似,也有若干不同处;保人的出现频率很高,正式的借贷契约都仰赖于保人的参加,并多用家庭成员充当保人;重视证人的参与,每件借贷契约都有证人;书契人一般由交易双方特别聘请,也有债权人或债务人充当书契人的情形;借贷利息率,有的按月计算,有的按年计算;实物借贷多是"秋初时节"返还;利率高低不等,最高的月息高达50%;违契不偿的处罚条款,只存在于有息借贷中,且有这种约定的只占一小部分;违契不偿的处罚,是按"民间惯例"加息偿还。     

美国次贷危机发展演变及其启示

美国金融机构盲目的放贷行为及金融监管的不作为最终导致了美国次级房贷市场危机的爆发。尽管美国金融当局连续降息及注资,美国次贷危机仍愈演愈烈。中国同样存在这种隐忧,表现在经济增长的通胀压力、证券市场的泡沫及房地产市场的严重过热。因此,加强我国金融机构的监管已刻不容缓!     

商业银行房地产开发贷款风险及防范

由于现阶段我国房地产市场发展迅猛,使得商业银行房地产开发贷款规模不断增长。本文从影响商业银行房地产开发贷款风险的因素人手,采用层次分析法对政策风险、评估风险、操作风险、市场风险、信用风险进行了量化分析。结果表明：目前我国商业银行房地产开发贷款所面临的风险主要是评估风险和信贷风险。建立完善的评估体系与信用体系,是防范与控制房地产开发贷款风险的主要途径。     

Optimal asset allocation for participating contracts with mortality risk under minimum guarantee

Abstract

We investigate an optimal investment problem of participating insurance contracts with mortality risk under minimum guarantee. The insurer aims to maximize the expected utility of the terminal payoff. Due to its piecewise payoff structure, this optimization problem is a non-concave utility maximization problem. We adopt a concavification technique and a Lagrange dual method to solve the problem and derive the representations of the optimal wealth process and trading strategies. We also carry out some numerical analysis to show how the portfolio insurance constraint impacts the optimal terminal wealth.     

基于下偏度最小化贷款组合优化模型

运用组合偏矩刻画信贷风险原理,以贷款组合下偏度最小化为目标函数,控制商业银行发生重大损失的概率;以组合风险价值VaR为约束条件,控制贷款组合的整体风险,建立基于下偏度最小化贷款组合优化模型。研究表明：下偏度不要求贷款收益服从正态分布,并能够很好地反映收益率分布的“左尾”,降低商业银行贷款组合发生重大损失的概率;同时下偏度可以真实反映贷款的本质,符合投资者的心理,并且可以反映多笔贷款之间的相关联系,解决现有模型的解析能力不足的问题。     

基于非参数时变Copula模型的美国次贷危机传染分析

金融危机传染分析是国际金融领域中的重要课题,本文对Copula变点检测方法进行推广,采用时变非参数阿基米德Copula模型检验金融危机传染的存在性及其变化趋势,以时变尾部相依系数的大小来度量危机传染程度,并结合系数的变化趋势和时间段对金融危机传染效应进行分析.最后选择全球六个主要股票市场指数和S&P500指数进行危机传染实证研究,得出次贷危机对不同国家或地区的传染效应有所差别.     

基于序关系重构的恒定再平衡投资组合

CRP（Constant Rebalancing Portfolios,即恒定再平衡投资组合）是一种重要的投资组合,它要求资产收益率序列必须满足独立同分布条件,这个限定条件影响了CRP在实际金融投资中的应用。为了使CRP发挥与其理论基础相称的实际效果,对真实金融数据进行基于序关系的重构,使得重构后的数据接近于满足独立同分布条件。在重构后的数据上构建最优CRP,这种策略称为rankCRP。证明了在适当的条件下rankCRP具有最优性。运用国际国内多个真实市场的大型历史数据进行检验,检验结果表明rankCRP在真实市场的表现优于CRP,远远超越市场指数,甚至战胜涨幅最大的证券。RankCRP在理论上的最优性表明,通过适当的重构,CRP也可以适用于非独立同分布收益率时间序列,拓宽了CRP理论的适用领域。RankCRP在实践上的有效性对金融投资实务有重要意义。     

信息可信与贷款利率确定问题的供应链鲁棒模型分析

提供真实可信的企业信息是企业申请银行贷款时的必要条件,但银行可以选择相信这些信息的部分或者全部,从而提供不同的利率水平。本文研究可信信息与银行贷款利率制定之间的关系以及相应决策对借款企业所在供应链的影响问题。通过构建银行参与的由供应商和零售商组成二级供应链模型刻画了零售商存在资金货款需求的供应链金融情景。针对银行采用零售商提供的全部信息或部分信息情况,从供应链管理视角考察了鲁棒的报童方法和极大极小方法分别获得了银行的最优利率决策及其对供应链运营所造成的影响。研究表明,银行采用部分信息并不能有效增加其收益,但其利率决策对供应链整体运作效率有非常显著的影响。     

Management of Energy Technology for Sustainability: How to Fund Energy Technology Research and Development

Operations management methods have been applied profitably to a wide range of technology portfolio management problems, but have been slow to be adopted by governments and policy makers. We develop a framework that allows us to apply such techniques to a large and important public policy problem: energy technology R&D portfolio management under climate change. We apply a multi‐model approach, implementing probabilistic data derived from expert elicitations into a novel stochastic programming version of a dynamic integrated assessment model. We note that while the unifying framework we present can be applied to a range of models and data sets, the specific results depend on the data and assumptions used and therefore may not be generalizable. Nevertheless, the results are suggestive, and we find that the optimal technology portfolio for the set of projects considered is fairly robust to different specifications of climate uncertainty, to different policy environments, and to assumptions about the opportunity cost of investing. We also conclude that policy makers would do better to over‐invest in R&D rather than under‐invest. Finally, we show that R&D can play different roles in different types of policy environments, sometimes leading primarily to cost reduction, other times leading to better environmental outcomes.