乡村振兴视域下陶行知乡村幼儿教育思想的当代启示

乡村振兴是一项长期持久的复杂系统工程,全面助力乡村振兴,农村幼儿教育先行。近年来,我国高度重视农村幼儿教育发展,但因多种因素制约,当前我国农村幼儿教育发展急需解决关键问题,突破诸多困境。早在20世纪二三十年代,我国人民教育家陶行知先生就已独到地认识到我国乡村幼儿教育的重要性及其存在的问题,并在实验和探索中形成了著名的乡村幼儿教育思想,这一思想与乡村振兴战略中优先发展农村教育的思想高度契合。乡村振兴视域下回顾陶行知的乡村幼儿教育思想,对于当前我国农村幼儿教育发展及全面实施乡村振兴战略具有极强的现实启示。     

节水生产行为、非农就业与农户收入溢出

将劳动力要素配置纳入分析框架是厘清粮食节水生产行为收入溢出机制的关键。基于河北、山东、河南540个粮食种植户调查数据,运用工具变量分位数、中介效应和门槛回归模型分析农户节水生产行为的收入溢出机制及异质性。研究表明：节水生产行为能够显著提升农户收入,且农业增收效应大于要素替代效应;节水生产行为的农业增收效应随农业收入水平提升而递增,即“马太效应”,其非农增收效应随非农收入水平提升而递减,即“重心转变效应”;本地非农就业在节水生产行为增收效应中发挥中介作用,外出务工部分遮掩了节水生产行为的收入提升效果;节水生产行为的增收效应随本地非农就业比例增加而上升,随外出务工比例提高而下降。因此,建议完善粮食节水生产的政策扶持与市场机制,引导非农劳动力合理有序就业,强化农村人力资本积累,进而推动农户持续增收。     

农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响机制及效应分析——基于冀皖鄂1150份农户调查数据的实证

基于河北、安徽、湖北三省1150份农户的实地调查数据,采用倾向得分匹配法构建“反事实”框架,探讨了农户兼业对秸秆还田技术采纳的影响效应,并进一步验证了其中介效应及务工距离的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）相比纯农户,兼业户更倾向于采纳秸秆还田技术;（2）农户兼业通过风险分担间接影响秸秆还田技术采纳,间接影响占比为24.43%;（3）当纯农户选择在乡内务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率会提高15.0%,选择在县内乡外务工时,兼业对农户秸秆还田技术采纳行为没有显著性影响,但当纯农户选择省内县外务工时,秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了9.2%,选择省外务工时秸秆还田技术采纳率提高了10.0%。因此,为更好促进秸秆还田技术推广,政府部门应该引导和鼓励农户就近务工,保障农村劳动力就业质量,培育和支持农机社会化服务组织并加强对秸秆还田技术的指导和培训。     

乡村社区营造何以成功?——来自关中袁家村的案例研究

长期以来,国家自上而下的社区规划变迁,为农村社区建设提供了物质基础、组织载体和制度保障,但农民的主体性和社区的自主性依然没有被充分激发起来。文献研究发现,对社区内涵和定位认识的不同理解会产生农村社区建设是基于共同体意识的凝聚、还是国家行政权力向基层社会延伸两种演进脉络。以关中袁家村为例,从为何营造、营造什么、怎样营造三个层面切入,尝试回答以下几个问题:改善民生和提高农民生活质量,“产、文、人、地、景”的乡村社区营造,国家规划变迁和社区自主实践相结合。指出乡村社区营造何以成功的启示是“三位一体”现代社区内涵的正确理解及其功能的准确定位,其引发的本土实践体现了国家主导和社会参与的互构效应。     

Origins and destinies: Immigration to the United States since World War II

Contemporary immigration to the United States and the formation of new ethnic groups are the complex and unintended social consequences of the expansion of the nation to its post-World War II position of global hegemony. Immigrant communities in the United States today are related to a history of American military, political, economic, and cultural involvement and intervention in the sending countries, especially in Asia and the Caribbean Basin, and to the linkages that are formed in the process that open a variety of legal and illegal migration pathways. The 19.8 million foreign-born persons counted in the 1990 U.S. census formed the largest immigrant population in the world, though in relative terms, only 7.9% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, a lower proportion than earlier in this century. Today's immigrants are extraordinarily diverse, a reflection of polar-opposite types of migrations embedded in very different historical and structural contexts. Also, unlike the expanding economy that absorbed earlier flows from Europe, since the 1970s new immigrants have entered an hourglass economy with reduced opportunities for social mobility, particularly among the less educated, and new waves of refugees have entered a welfare state with expanded opportunities for public assistance. This paper seeks to make sense of the new diversity. A typology of contemporary immigrants is presented, and their patterns of settlement, their distinctive social and economic characteristics compared to major native-born racial-ethnic groups, and their different modes of incorporation in—and consequences for—American society are considered.     

Estimation for Continuous Branching Processes

The maximum-likelihood estimator for the curved exponential family given by continuous branching processes with immigration is investigated. These processes originated from population biology but also model the dynamics of interest rates and development of the state of technology in economics. It is proved that in contrast to branching processes with discrete space and/or time the MLE gives a unified approach to the inference. In order to include singular subdomains of the parameter space we modify the MLE slightly. Consistency and asymptotic normality for the MLE are considered. Concerning the asymptotic theory of the experiments, all three properties LAQ, LAN, and LAMN occur for different submodels     

Asian Women,Job Training and the Social Organization of Immigrant Labor Markets

This paper examines the entry of Asian immigrant women into a gendered labor market via government-funded job training programs. The focus is on the intake processing of clients into an employment training program operated by a community based organization. The study reveals that women's family responsibilities and the cultural capital they bring function to screen them into or out of training programs and ultimately shape their location in the workforce. The study thus draws attention to how race, class, and gender enter into the organization of Asian immigrant women into the labor market. This investigation is based in institutional ethnography (Smith 1987), a research strategy which displays how activities in a particular setting are coordinated with more extended forms of social organization. The study shows that the overriding concern with successful placement in a job as mandated by government regulations is a critical factor in selecting the women for these programs.     

Contextualizing the Employment Decisions of New Mothers

This paper suggests that the employment behavior and stated preferences of new mothers are not simply a product of choices that individual women make or characteristics that they have. Rather, using qualitative interview data from a sample of new parents, this paper illustrates some of the interactional and institutional contexts in which new mothers' approaches to paid work are embedded, with a particular focus on gender. Among the themes explored are the influence of husbands' preferences on women's decisions, the role of economic processes in structuring parenting arrangements, as well as the prominence of gendered cultural imagery in new parents' accounts about their work and family arrangements.     

Forest Fire Risk Management and Public Participation in Changing Socioenvironmental Conditions: A Case Study in a Mediterranean Region

Under current conditions of accelerated socioenvironmental change in the Mediterranean forested landscapes, fire is one of the most critical and difficult risks to tackle within the region. This article summarizes the lessons learned from a project based on the participatory integration of qualitative local stakeholders' knowledge with expert GIS fire simulations carried out in the County of El Bages, Catalonia, Spain. First, in this article, a theoretical model--the forest fire circle--is presented in order to explain the reasons for the rise in the damage and frequency of forest fires in this Mediterranean area. Second, it describes the methodology developed and the stages followed during the project. Results show that: (1) the advocacy of old forest reactive management paradigm assumptions and practices based on uncontrolled forest succession can put vast wooded areas of the Mediterranean basin at critical risk; and (2) forest fire management approaches that ignore the crucial role of long-term prevention and local capacity building strategies have failed. In the final section, the content and the specific dimensions of the old reactive paradigm that has characterized forest fire risk management in Catalonia are discussed and contrasted with the possibly emerging preventative paradigm.     

委托-代理下人力资源有效激励模式与退出机制设计

在假定产出可以观测的条件下,首先比较员工素质信息是完全信息和非对称信息下不同产出差异,再讨论基于利润分享激励模式下不同激励效应,最后设计出根据员工自愿选择策略而实现的企业存优弃劣的有效退出机制.